CHAITANYA:
๐นHe was the most popular Bhakti reformer from Bengal. He was born at Nabadwip (Nadia).
๐นHe was the disciple of Keshav Bharti. His other names were Gouranga and Vishwambar ๐นHe was the first to preach Vaishnavism in Bengal and Orissa. ๐นPuri was the main centre of his activities and he was first to introduce Kirtans in Bhakti movement. ๐น He died in a state of ecstasy.
๐นHe was the most popular Bhakti reformer from Bengal. He was born at Nabadwip (Nadia).
๐นHe was the disciple of Keshav Bharti. His other names were Gouranga and Vishwambar ๐นHe was the first to preach Vaishnavism in Bengal and Orissa. ๐นPuri was the main centre of his activities and he was first to introduce Kirtans in Bhakti movement. ๐น He died in a state of ecstasy.
TULASIDAS:
๐นHe was a contemporary of Akbar and he wrote the all time great Ramcharit Manas.
๐นHe was a contemporary of Akbar and he wrote the all time great Ramcharit Manas.
SUNDARDAS:
๐นHe wrote Sundaravilasa that deals with six Indian philosophical systems.
๐นHe wrote Sundaravilasa that deals with six Indian philosophical systems.
DADU DAYAL:
๐นBorn in the community of weavers at Ahmedabad, he preached Nirgunabhakti. ๐นHis teachings were compiled in the form of Dadu Dayaram Ki Bani.
๐นBorn in the community of weavers at Ahmedabad, he preached Nirgunabhakti. ๐นHis teachings were compiled in the form of Dadu Dayaram Ki Bani.
BIRBAN: ๐นBorn at Karnal in Haryana in the community of farmers, he preached Nirgunabhakti and emphasized on Satyam or Truth. ๐นHis followers were called Satnamis.
๐นPothi is the sacred text of Satnamis.
๐นPothi is the sacred text of Satnamis.
SHANKAR DEV:
๐นHe was the first to preach Vaishnavism in Brahmaputra Valley (Assam). ๐นHe was the founder of Eka Saranadharma and Veerapurushamarga (to defend oneโs faith).
๐นHe was the first to preach Vaishnavism in Brahmaputra Valley (Assam). ๐นHe was the founder of Eka Saranadharma and Veerapurushamarga (to defend oneโs faith).
Maratha Bhakti Reform Movement:
๐นThe main theme of the movement was Maratha-dharma, which essentially meant the protection of Maratha culture. ๐นIts ultimate aim was to secure an independent state for the
Marathas called Swaraj.
GNANESHWAR:
๐นThe first and earliest of Maratha reformers wrote a commentary in Sanskrit on Bhagwad Gita called Gnaneswar, ๐นpopular as Maratha Bhadwad Gita and also called Bhavardha Deepika.
ฮฮฮฮฮคฮ:
๐นHe was the first Maratha reformer to emphasize on Marathi language and also got Gnaneswari โtranslated into Marathi.
NAMDEV:
๐นHe emphasized on cultural unity of the Marathas by introducing a tradition called Mahapurusha Sampradaya (worshipping the great saints).
TUKARAM:
๐นHe was the greatest Marathi bhakti reformer, who made popular Vittob Cult (worshipping Vitalaswamy.of Pandaripur). ๐นHe composed devotional songs on Vitalaswamy called Abhangs.
RAMDAS:
๐นAs the Guru of Shivaji, he inspired Shivaji for founding Swaraj. ๐นThe messages of Guru Ramdas were compiled in the form of the text called Dasabodha.
GHORA:
๐นA mali (gardener) by profession, he preached monotheism.
BAHINA BAI:
๐นSister of Tukaram, she was the most popular woman Bhakti reformer in Maratha movement.
๐นShe promoted Vitalaswamy cult.
๐นThe main theme of the movement was Maratha-dharma, which essentially meant the protection of Maratha culture. ๐นIts ultimate aim was to secure an independent state for the
Marathas called Swaraj.
GNANESHWAR:
๐นThe first and earliest of Maratha reformers wrote a commentary in Sanskrit on Bhagwad Gita called Gnaneswar, ๐นpopular as Maratha Bhadwad Gita and also called Bhavardha Deepika.
ฮฮฮฮฮคฮ:
๐นHe was the first Maratha reformer to emphasize on Marathi language and also got Gnaneswari โtranslated into Marathi.
NAMDEV:
๐นHe emphasized on cultural unity of the Marathas by introducing a tradition called Mahapurusha Sampradaya (worshipping the great saints).
TUKARAM:
๐นHe was the greatest Marathi bhakti reformer, who made popular Vittob Cult (worshipping Vitalaswamy.of Pandaripur). ๐นHe composed devotional songs on Vitalaswamy called Abhangs.
RAMDAS:
๐นAs the Guru of Shivaji, he inspired Shivaji for founding Swaraj. ๐นThe messages of Guru Ramdas were compiled in the form of the text called Dasabodha.
GHORA:
๐นA mali (gardener) by profession, he preached monotheism.
BAHINA BAI:
๐นSister of Tukaram, she was the most popular woman Bhakti reformer in Maratha movement.
๐นShe promoted Vitalaswamy cult.
SUFI MOVEMENT: (The word suf meant wool which implied simplicity)
๐นSufism can be defined as Islamic mysticism. Its main theme was Wahad-ul-Wajud (Unity of God). It developed first in Iraq. ๐นThe first Sufi saint was Begum Rabia of Bashera in Iraq. ๐น Sufi orders were called Silsilas. Maximum number of orders were found in Afghanistan which spread to India.
SILSILAS:
CHISTI ๐นIt was founded by Sheikh Abdul Chisti. ๐นHowever, it was introduced in India by Sheikh Moinuddin Chisti. His dargah is at Ajmer. ๐นQutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was the chief disciple of Moinuddin. ๐นIltutmish dedicated Qutub Minar to Bakhtiar Kaki.
๐นSheikh Nizamuddin was the most popular Sufi saint in India. ๐นAmir Khusro, the greatest musician and literary giant was also the disciple of Sheikh Nizamuddin.
๐นA system called Nadasampradaya was followed which meant burying disciples near guru as one family.
๐นSheikh Salim Chisti was the last great saint of Chisti order. He was held in great respect by Akbar.
๐นQamkhana were hermitages of Chisti saints outside the city.
๐นSufism can be defined as Islamic mysticism. Its main theme was Wahad-ul-Wajud (Unity of God). It developed first in Iraq. ๐นThe first Sufi saint was Begum Rabia of Bashera in Iraq. ๐น Sufi orders were called Silsilas. Maximum number of orders were found in Afghanistan which spread to India.
SILSILAS:
CHISTI ๐นIt was founded by Sheikh Abdul Chisti. ๐นHowever, it was introduced in India by Sheikh Moinuddin Chisti. His dargah is at Ajmer. ๐นQutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was the chief disciple of Moinuddin. ๐นIltutmish dedicated Qutub Minar to Bakhtiar Kaki.
๐นSheikh Nizamuddin was the most popular Sufi saint in India. ๐นAmir Khusro, the greatest musician and literary giant was also the disciple of Sheikh Nizamuddin.
๐นA system called Nadasampradaya was followed which meant burying disciples near guru as one family.
๐นSheikh Salim Chisti was the last great saint of Chisti order. He was held in great respect by Akbar.
๐นQamkhana were hermitages of Chisti saints outside the city.
SUHRAWARDI :
๐นIt was founded by Shihabuddin Shuhrawardi and introduced in India by Bhauddin. It was the richest order and very soon became unpopular.
FIRADAUSIA :
๐นIt was the only Sufi order which was founded and developed within India. ๐นFounded by Sharafuddin, it was confined to Bihar. He composed Maqtubat and Mulfazat literature (it
dealt with the lives and teachings of Sufi Saints).
QADRI ๐นThis most secular order was founded by Sheikh Jilani Qadri. ๐นDara Shikoh, son of Shahjanan followed this order.
NAQSHBANDI ๐นIt was founded by Sheikh Biqabullah but Sheikh Niyamtulla was the greatest scholar in this School of thought which was most conservative. ๐นAurangzeb followed this order.
๐นIt was founded by Shihabuddin Shuhrawardi and introduced in India by Bhauddin. It was the richest order and very soon became unpopular.
FIRADAUSIA :
๐นIt was the only Sufi order which was founded and developed within India. ๐นFounded by Sharafuddin, it was confined to Bihar. He composed Maqtubat and Mulfazat literature (it
dealt with the lives and teachings of Sufi Saints).
QADRI ๐นThis most secular order was founded by Sheikh Jilani Qadri. ๐นDara Shikoh, son of Shahjanan followed this order.
NAQSHBANDI ๐นIt was founded by Sheikh Biqabullah but Sheikh Niyamtulla was the greatest scholar in this School of thought which was most conservative. ๐นAurangzeb followed this order.
INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE:
๐นThe Islamic style is called Dome and Arch method. ๐นThe native Hindu style that was prevalent during that time is called Slab and Beam method. ๐น The other aspects of Islamic style were huge buildings with lofty gateways and wide entrances. ๐นThe Muslims also introduced floral designs. They borrowed decorative elements like Kalasa, Swastik and Lotus from the Hindus.
๐นHindus appropriated the domes and arches.
Architectural development took place in two stages:
Imperial Architecture: ๐นIt is witnessed in Delhi, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri. The
architecture reflects the personal taste and interest of the Sultan and Mughal Badshah.
๐นQutubuddin Aibak constructed Quwat-ul-Islam mosque, the first pure Islamic construction and Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra (made by destroying a monastery). ๐น It was the place where he gave darshan at Ajmer. He laid the foundation for Qutub Minar to commemorate the victory of Islam on Indian soil. He could complete only the first two storeys. ๐น The remaining was completed by Iltutmish and dedicated to Bakhtiar Kaki. In Qutub Minar, black limestone was used. Sanskrit versus were found there.
๐นBalban constructed Lal Mahal in Delhi. ๐นThe simple Islamic style became decorative and grand under Alauddin Khilji. He constructed Alai Darwaza, an entrance to Qutub Minar, Hauz-i-Alai, Jamat Khana Masjid and also a city called Siri (this was the first time
Delhi was expanded).
๐นThe Islamic style is called Dome and Arch method. ๐นThe native Hindu style that was prevalent during that time is called Slab and Beam method. ๐น The other aspects of Islamic style were huge buildings with lofty gateways and wide entrances. ๐นThe Muslims also introduced floral designs. They borrowed decorative elements like Kalasa, Swastik and Lotus from the Hindus.
๐นHindus appropriated the domes and arches.
Architectural development took place in two stages:
Imperial Architecture: ๐นIt is witnessed in Delhi, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri. The
architecture reflects the personal taste and interest of the Sultan and Mughal Badshah.
๐นQutubuddin Aibak constructed Quwat-ul-Islam mosque, the first pure Islamic construction and Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra (made by destroying a monastery). ๐น It was the place where he gave darshan at Ajmer. He laid the foundation for Qutub Minar to commemorate the victory of Islam on Indian soil. He could complete only the first two storeys. ๐น The remaining was completed by Iltutmish and dedicated to Bakhtiar Kaki. In Qutub Minar, black limestone was used. Sanskrit versus were found there.
๐นBalban constructed Lal Mahal in Delhi. ๐นThe simple Islamic style became decorative and grand under Alauddin Khilji. He constructed Alai Darwaza, an entrance to Qutub Minar, Hauz-i-Alai, Jamat Khana Masjid and also a city called Siri (this was the first time
Delhi was expanded).
๐นUnder Tughlaqs, for the first time, thick sloping walls were built (for protection against extreme weather and for strength). They made extensive use of cheaply available grey
sandstones. ๐นGhiazuddin Tughlaq constructed the city of Tughlaqabad. ๐นMd. Bin Tughlaq constructed Swarga Dwara on the banks of river Ganga. ๐นFeroz Shah Tughlaq constructed five cities apart from Feroz Shah Kotla, the tomb of his finance minister Telangani and Hauz-i-Khas in Delhi.
sandstones. ๐นGhiazuddin Tughlaq constructed the city of Tughlaqabad. ๐นMd. Bin Tughlaq constructed Swarga Dwara on the banks of river Ganga. ๐นFeroz Shah Tughlaq constructed five cities apart from Feroz Shah Kotla, the tomb of his finance minister Telangani and Hauz-i-Khas in Delhi.
๐นSignificant changes in architecture took place under the Lodis. ๐นThey were the first to construct structures on grafted platforms ๐นThey were the first to construct double domed structures, angular and octagonal structures and structures in Garden setting (e.g. Lodi Gardens in Delhi). ๐น The best example of Lodi architecture is the Jamnat Khana Masjid constructed by Sikandar Lodi in Agra.
Mughal Architecture:
๐นIt reflected basically the grand Persian style. Babur was responsible for Noor-ul-Afshan gardens in Kabul.
๐นHumayunโs tomb in Delhi was constructed by his wife Salima Begum. It was the first structure in India reflecting the Mughal style.
๐นAkbar was the real founder of Mughal architecture. His attempt was to synthesize the native styles with the grand Islamic styles particulary in his Mahal construction. ๐นAkbar was influenced by Buddhist Stupas. In Agra, he completed the fortification and constructed Akbari Mahal, Jahangiri Mahal and Birbal Mahal. ๐นDiwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas in Agra were also built by him.
๐นIt reflected basically the grand Persian style. Babur was responsible for Noor-ul-Afshan gardens in Kabul.
๐นHumayunโs tomb in Delhi was constructed by his wife Salima Begum. It was the first structure in India reflecting the Mughal style.
๐นAkbar was the real founder of Mughal architecture. His attempt was to synthesize the native styles with the grand Islamic styles particulary in his Mahal construction. ๐นAkbar was influenced by Buddhist Stupas. In Agra, he completed the fortification and constructed Akbari Mahal, Jahangiri Mahal and Birbal Mahal. ๐นDiwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas in Agra were also built by him.
Fatehpur Sikri:
๐นIt was a Jain settlement. However, Akbar constructed the Moti Masjid and the tomb of Sheikh Chisti. ๐นThe secular constructions here were Buland Darwaza constructed in 1572 A.D. to mark his victory against Gujarat. ๐น In the construction, Akbar used a new technique called half purple dome borrowed from Persia. Jodha Bai Palace, Mariam Mahal and Panch Mahal were the other structures.
๐นIt was a Jain settlement. However, Akbar constructed the Moti Masjid and the tomb of Sheikh Chisti. ๐นThe secular constructions here were Buland Darwaza constructed in 1572 A.D. to mark his victory against Gujarat. ๐น In the construction, Akbar used a new technique called half purple dome borrowed from Persia. Jodha Bai Palace, Mariam Mahal and Panch Mahal were the other structures.
๐นJahangir constructed the tomb of his father at Sikandra near Agra. ๐นHe was responsible for Shalimar Bagh Gardens in Kashmir. ๐นNoorjahan constructed the tomb of Abdur Rahim Kahn,
son of Bairam Khan in Delhi; the tomb of Itamad-ud-Daula (her father) in Agra and tomb of Jahangir at Shahdra near Lahore.
๐นA new technique called Petradurra (inlaid mosaic work) was introduced for the first time under Jahangir and was used in Itamad-ud-Daulaโs tomb for the first time. It was also the
basis for Taj Mahal.
son of Bairam Khan in Delhi; the tomb of Itamad-ud-Daula (her father) in Agra and tomb of Jahangir at Shahdra near Lahore.
๐นA new technique called Petradurra (inlaid mosaic work) was introduced for the first time under Jahangir and was used in Itamad-ud-Daulaโs tomb for the first time. It was also the
basis for Taj Mahal.
๐นShahjahanโs reign was the Golden age in Mughal architecture. ๐นHe was called Engineer and the Architect for his technical perfection. In Agra, he constructed Khas Mahal, Sheesh Mahal,
Angoori Bagh, Machehi Mahal, Mausambari and also built Moti Masjid in the Red Fort. ๐นTaj Mahal, built from 1631 A.D. to 1653 A.D., it took 22 years for completion. Till then Mumtaz Mahalโs coffin was kept in Burhanpur where she was born. It is the only pure white marble
building constructed with an estimated cost of 3 crore Dams. ๐นUstad Isa Khan, the chief architect of Shahjahan had drawn the plan of Taj. A Venician engineer, Zerimano Verraneo was also consulted. In Delhi, Shahjahan constructed the Red Fort and within the fort, Diwani-Khas, Diwan-i-Aam and Rang mahal were built.
๐นThe Jami Masjid, the biggest mosque of India was also built by him. ๐นAurangzeb constructed the tomb of his queen Raha-ud-Durrani at Aurangabad on the model of Taj Mahal called Bibi Ka Maqbara (Mini Taj Mahal).
Angoori Bagh, Machehi Mahal, Mausambari and also built Moti Masjid in the Red Fort. ๐นTaj Mahal, built from 1631 A.D. to 1653 A.D., it took 22 years for completion. Till then Mumtaz Mahalโs coffin was kept in Burhanpur where she was born. It is the only pure white marble
building constructed with an estimated cost of 3 crore Dams. ๐นUstad Isa Khan, the chief architect of Shahjahan had drawn the plan of Taj. A Venician engineer, Zerimano Verraneo was also consulted. In Delhi, Shahjahan constructed the Red Fort and within the fort, Diwani-Khas, Diwan-i-Aam and Rang mahal were built.
๐นThe Jami Masjid, the biggest mosque of India was also built by him. ๐นAurangzeb constructed the tomb of his queen Raha-ud-Durrani at Aurangabad on the model of Taj Mahal called Bibi Ka Maqbara (Mini Taj Mahal).
Regional / Provincial Architecture:
๐นThe Jaunpur School of architecture was developed by the Sharqi dynasty. ๐นIts unique aspect was the absence of minarets. The Ataladevi Masjid, constructed by Ibrahim Shah Sharqi is the best example.
In Bengal, the Iliyaz Shahi style developed within the capital city Pondua. ๐น Its unique aspect was โ that minarets were smaller than the main structure. Sikander Shah constructed Adina Masjid at Pondua, the biggest mosque in North-East, constructed on the model of the Great Damascus Masjid (Syria).
๐นIn the Bahmani style of architecture, Red Sandstone was extensively used. Very huge domes were built. Minarets were part of the structure. Gol Gumbaz in Bijapur, constructed by Md.
Adil Shah II, is the worldโs second biggest dome.
๐นThe Jaunpur School of architecture was developed by the Sharqi dynasty. ๐นIts unique aspect was the absence of minarets. The Ataladevi Masjid, constructed by Ibrahim Shah Sharqi is the best example.
In Bengal, the Iliyaz Shahi style developed within the capital city Pondua. ๐น Its unique aspect was โ that minarets were smaller than the main structure. Sikander Shah constructed Adina Masjid at Pondua, the biggest mosque in North-East, constructed on the model of the Great Damascus Masjid (Syria).
๐นIn the Bahmani style of architecture, Red Sandstone was extensively used. Very huge domes were built. Minarets were part of the structure. Gol Gumbaz in Bijapur, constructed by Md.
Adil Shah II, is the worldโs second biggest dome.
MUSIC:
๐นThe Muslim introduced instruments like Rahab, Shehnai and Sarangi. ๐นThey borrowed Mridangam and Nadaswara from the Hindus. ๐นGunwat-ut-Munga is the earliest among the four forms of music that developed โ Drupad, Khayal, Thumri and Tappa. ๐นSultan Hussain Shah of Jaunpur was the first to introduce Khayal. ๐นFeroz Shah Tughlaq got the text Ragdarpan, that dealt with native music traditions translated into Persian. ๐นRaja Man Singh of Gwalior was responsible for the composition of Mankutuhal, the text that deals with all the modes of Islamic music. ๐นAmir Khusrau, called the โParrot of indiaโ was the greatest musician of his times, introduced new rages โ Sanam, Ghora and Aiman. Instruments like Sitar and Tabla were also introduced by him. ๐นQawaali, the devotional from of music also started with
Amir Khusrau.
๐นBaz Bahadur, the king of Malwa and his queen Roopmati were experts in Hindustani music.
๐นMian Tansen, the greatest musician in the court of Akbar, was an expert in Deepak, Darbani and Meghamallar ragas. He belonged to the Gwalior Gharana.
๐นAkbar was an expert in playing Nagara (drums). ๐นOf all the Mughals, Jahangir composed maximum number of songs. ๐นShahjahan was the best known singer and was an expert in
Drupad. ๐น Jagannath Pandit Roy was the greatest singer in the court of Shahjahan. His son Lal Khan was given the title โGunasagarโ by Shahjahan. ๐นAuragzeb banned music but was an accomplished Veena player.
.
๐นThe Muslim introduced instruments like Rahab, Shehnai and Sarangi. ๐นThey borrowed Mridangam and Nadaswara from the Hindus. ๐นGunwat-ut-Munga is the earliest among the four forms of music that developed โ Drupad, Khayal, Thumri and Tappa. ๐นSultan Hussain Shah of Jaunpur was the first to introduce Khayal. ๐นFeroz Shah Tughlaq got the text Ragdarpan, that dealt with native music traditions translated into Persian. ๐นRaja Man Singh of Gwalior was responsible for the composition of Mankutuhal, the text that deals with all the modes of Islamic music. ๐นAmir Khusrau, called the โParrot of indiaโ was the greatest musician of his times, introduced new rages โ Sanam, Ghora and Aiman. Instruments like Sitar and Tabla were also introduced by him. ๐นQawaali, the devotional from of music also started with
Amir Khusrau.
๐นBaz Bahadur, the king of Malwa and his queen Roopmati were experts in Hindustani music.
๐นMian Tansen, the greatest musician in the court of Akbar, was an expert in Deepak, Darbani and Meghamallar ragas. He belonged to the Gwalior Gharana.
๐นAkbar was an expert in playing Nagara (drums). ๐นOf all the Mughals, Jahangir composed maximum number of songs. ๐นShahjahan was the best known singer and was an expert in
Drupad. ๐น Jagannath Pandit Roy was the greatest singer in the court of Shahjahan. His son Lal Khan was given the title โGunasagarโ by Shahjahan. ๐นAuragzeb banned music but was an accomplished Veena player.
.
PAINTING:
๐นIt started under Humayun. The great Persian Painters in his court were Mir Sayed Ali and Abdus Samad. They were responsible for the text on Mughal painting Daftar-i-Hamza or Hamzanamah which contained 1200 paintings. ๐น The Mughal painters used green, blue and gold colours for outlines. The themes of the paintings were either Court proceedings or palace life. Humayun encouraged more miniatures.
๐นAkbar was the real founder of Mughal School of painting. For him, โpainting was the means 'to realize Godโ. ๐นKhorasan Qul and Farukka Beg were the great Persian painters. ๐นLal, Basava, Daswant and Mukund were the Hindu painters ๐น A new technique called โFore Shorteningโ was introduced influenced by Renaissance during Akbarโs time. ๐นAkbar encouraged more frescoes and mural paintings.
๐นDuring the reign of Jahangir painting received maximum patronage. ๐น His mastery in painting was such that he could name the painter on seeing the painting. Ustad Mansoor was the greatest painter in the court of Jahangir, popular as the โRaphael of the Eastโ. He was good in
drawing birds, animals and natural objects. He was also invited by the Persian emperor. ๐นThe two developments under Jahangir were that the life size portraits were drawn for the first time and the technique of drawing the straight face was introduced for the first time.
๐นIt started under Humayun. The great Persian Painters in his court were Mir Sayed Ali and Abdus Samad. They were responsible for the text on Mughal painting Daftar-i-Hamza or Hamzanamah which contained 1200 paintings. ๐น The Mughal painters used green, blue and gold colours for outlines. The themes of the paintings were either Court proceedings or palace life. Humayun encouraged more miniatures.
๐นAkbar was the real founder of Mughal School of painting. For him, โpainting was the means 'to realize Godโ. ๐นKhorasan Qul and Farukka Beg were the great Persian painters. ๐นLal, Basava, Daswant and Mukund were the Hindu painters ๐น A new technique called โFore Shorteningโ was introduced influenced by Renaissance during Akbarโs time. ๐นAkbar encouraged more frescoes and mural paintings.
๐นDuring the reign of Jahangir painting received maximum patronage. ๐น His mastery in painting was such that he could name the painter on seeing the painting. Ustad Mansoor was the greatest painter in the court of Jahangir, popular as the โRaphael of the Eastโ. He was good in
drawing birds, animals and natural objects. He was also invited by the Persian emperor. ๐นThe two developments under Jahangir were that the life size portraits were drawn for the first time and the technique of drawing the straight face was introduced for the first time.