💡#Parkinsonism A group of conditions related to Parkinson’s disease that have a similar pathology, but have different aetiologies and clinical presentations.
💡#Parkinson’s_disease A degenerative disorder characterised by rigidity, tremor at rest, postural changes, slowed movements and an absence of spontaneous movement. In this condition the nigrostriatal pathway within the basal ganglia is damaged, leading to a loss of smooth, coordinated and efficient movements and altered muscle tone.
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💡#Non-productive_pain Pain that does not serve as a warning of injury, where the cause may be difficult to discern. It is often accompanied by stress and depression.
💡#Productive_pain Pain that serves as a warning of tissue injury, which wanes as the injury resolves. It is usually accompanied by sympathetic nervous system responses.
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#PATHOLOGY
#CELL INJURY
📌TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPONSES TO INJURY:
(1)-Cellular adaptations.
🎯Hypertrophy
🎯Hyperplasia
🎯Atrophy
🎯Metaplasia.
(2)-Cell injury.
–Reversible cell injury.
🎯Cellular (hydropic) swelling
(cloudy swelling,
or vacuolar degeneration)
🎯Steatosis (fatty change)
🎯Hyaline change
🎯Mucoid change
–Irreversible cell injury.
🎯Autolysis
🎯Necrosis
🎯Apoptosis.
(3)-Intracellular accumulations.
🎯Glycogen
🎯proteins
🎯pigments
(4)-Pathologic calcification.
🎯Dystrophic
🎯Metastatic.
===============================
💡Cellular response to injury depends on:
1.Type of injury
2. Duration of injury
3. Severity of injury
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
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#pharma
#mnemonics
Side effects for common drugs
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#pharma
#mnemonics
Aspirin side effects

#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#pharma
#mnemonics
✅Insulin analogs
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#PATHOLOGY
#CELL INJURY
#CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.

📌HYPERTROPHY
💡Increase in the size of the tissue or organ due to increase in the size of cells.
💡Hypertrophy: Occurs in tissues incapable of cell division.
💡it is caused by increased functional demand or by hormonal stimulation or by growth factor
💡two types
(1)-Physiologic hypertrophy
🎯Increased workload.
Skeletal muscle fibers
->Body builders
🎯Hormone-induced
Smooth muscle fibers
->Pregnancy
(2)-Pathologic hypertrophy
🎯Adaptive type
->Stomach in case of
pyloric obstruction
->Left ventricle in case of
hypertension
🎯Compensatory type
->When one kidney is
absent or removed
surgically the other
kidney is hypertrophied
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

💡Onychauxis Thickening of fingernails or toenails.
💡 Onychomycosis Fungal infection of the fingernails or toenails.
💡Onychorrhexis The development of brittle fingernails or toenails.
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#PATHOLOGY
#CELL INJURY
#CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.

📌HYPERPLASIA
💡Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, resulting in increased size/ mass of the organ or tissue.
💡Hyperplasia occurs in cells capable of replication namely labile/stable or stem cells.
💡usually accompanied by hypertrophy.
💡Hyperplasia occurs due to increased recruitment of cells from G0(resting) phase of the cell cycle to undergo mitosis, when stimulated.
💡two forms
(1)-PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
🎯HORMONAL HYPERPLASIA
--> Glandular epithelium at
female breast at puberty
and pregnancy
🎯COMPENSATORY
HYPERPLASIA
-->Bone marrow hyperplasia
following haemorrhage
-->Hyperplasia of the liver after
partial hepatectomy.
(2)-PATHOLOGICAL
HYPERPLASIA
🎯HORMONAL HYPERPLASIA
due to excessive hormones:
-->imbalance between estrogen
and progesteron ----menstrual
bleeding
-->increase TSH---thyrotoxicosis
🎯HYPERPLASIA
due to viral infection:
-->HPV-----Warts, squamous cell
papilloma
💡MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES
there is enlargement of the affected organ or tissue and increase in the number of cells. This is due to increased rate of DNA synthesis and hence increased mitoses of the cells.
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#PATHOLOGY
#CELL INJURY
#CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.
🔹Adaptations can be physiologic or pathologic
🔹Adaptations may have many causes

📌ATROPHY
💡 Atrophy is the reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number.
💡Decrease in cell size occurs by
–ubiquitin-proteosome degradation of cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components.
💡There is decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells.
💡In atrophy cell death is mainly due to apoptosis.
💡Atrophy may occur from physiologic or pathologic causes:
(1)-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATROPHY
🎯AFTER PUBERTY
-> atrophy of thymus
🎯AFTER DELIVERY
-> relative atrophy of uterus
🎯AFTER MENOPAUSE
->Atrophy of mammary
glands and ovaries
(2)- PATHOLOGICAL ATROPHY
🎯local atrophy
->Disuse atrophy
(decreased workload)
->Denervation (loss of
innervation) atrophy
->Ischemic (diminished
blood supply) atrophy
->Pressure atrophy
🎯generalized atrophy
->Starvation (inadequate
nutrition) atrophy
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#anatomy_physiology
Cranial nerves
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#pharma
#mnemonics
💊Drugs used in #gestational_hypertension

#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#micro
#mnemonics
Pseudomona

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https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#pharma💊
✅Metronidazole
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#pharma💊
✅Clinical uses of #metronidazole
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

This how capsulated druge💊 dissolve in stomach..

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https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#Mnemonic
🎯Autosomal Dominant Disorders
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https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#Mnemonic
🎯Edwards Syndrome
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#Histology
✅Sertoli cell
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#micro🦠
✅Eryhema infectiousm
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA