🗯 Focal neurological deficits :
■ NOTES :
● Part 1 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/923
● Part 2 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/925
● Part 3 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/928
● Part 4 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/930
● Part 5 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/931
●Part 6 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/934
■ MCQ :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/910
■ NOTES :
● Part 1 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/923
● Part 2 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/925
● Part 3 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/928
● Part 4 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/930
● Part 5 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/931
●Part 6 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/934
■ MCQ :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/910
Telegram
" Clinical Notes "
🗯 Notes on focal neurological deficits :- * Part 1
■ stroke is the most common cause of focal neurological deficits
■ Heart is the most common source of ischemic stroke ( embolism )
■ the most common cause of ICH is HTN
■ the most common artery…
■ stroke is the most common cause of focal neurological deficits
■ Heart is the most common source of ischemic stroke ( embolism )
■ the most common cause of ICH is HTN
■ the most common artery…
" Clinical Notes "
■ الجدول دا مهم ازاي تفرق بينهم و ممكن يجيب case عليهم ف mcq
■ شرحه سريعاً :-
● cerebral thrombosis :
بيجي ف old age و أشهر سبب بيعمله atherosclerosis ف العمر دا و العيان بيجي ب rapid onset من الأعراض و العيان ضغطه عالي بسبب atheroslerosis , زي ما بيحصل thrombosis ف brain ، بيحصل thrombsis ف ال coronary artery لانه atherosclrosis مسؤول عن 99 % من CAD
● Embolism :
أشهر حاجة و commonly أنها تيجي من heart و غالباً العيان عنده AF or valvular lesion و هتلاقي العيان بيجي sudden onset من الأعراض لأنها جلطة متكونة و جاهزة و أكثر حاجة بتحصل مع female
● cerebral hge :
أكثر حاجة و أشهر سبب بيعمله HTN و عشان كدا هتلاقي العيان ضغطه عالي و أكثر ناس بيحصلهم دا old age فالأعراض تبدأ عنده كارثية فيدخل ف vomiting & fever & DCL up to coma
و سبب دا hge as space occuping lesion بيزود ICT or brain edema فيبدأ يدمر BBB و يعمل irritative lesion على Vomiting center & heat regulating centers و يضغط على RC فنلاقي العيان عنده cheyne stokes breathing و خلي بالك بسبب chronic HTN اللي عنده بيعمل pressure overload on Lt ventricle فتلاقي عنده LV hypertrophy و لو سحبنا من CSF هنلاقي فيه blood & increased tension
● cerebral thrombosis :
بيجي ف old age و أشهر سبب بيعمله atherosclerosis ف العمر دا و العيان بيجي ب rapid onset من الأعراض و العيان ضغطه عالي بسبب atheroslerosis , زي ما بيحصل thrombosis ف brain ، بيحصل thrombsis ف ال coronary artery لانه atherosclrosis مسؤول عن 99 % من CAD
● Embolism :
أشهر حاجة و commonly أنها تيجي من heart و غالباً العيان عنده AF or valvular lesion و هتلاقي العيان بيجي sudden onset من الأعراض لأنها جلطة متكونة و جاهزة و أكثر حاجة بتحصل مع female
● cerebral hge :
أكثر حاجة و أشهر سبب بيعمله HTN و عشان كدا هتلاقي العيان ضغطه عالي و أكثر ناس بيحصلهم دا old age فالأعراض تبدأ عنده كارثية فيدخل ف vomiting & fever & DCL up to coma
و سبب دا hge as space occuping lesion بيزود ICT or brain edema فيبدأ يدمر BBB و يعمل irritative lesion على Vomiting center & heat regulating centers و يضغط على RC فنلاقي العيان عنده cheyne stokes breathing و خلي بالك بسبب chronic HTN اللي عنده بيعمل pressure overload on Lt ventricle فتلاقي عنده LV hypertrophy و لو سحبنا من CSF هنلاقي فيه blood & increased tension
❤10
Forwarded from " Clinical Notes "
🗯 صباح الخير يا شباب
● كل أنواع ال shock ال BP بيقل يعني في hypotension و كلهم بكون فيه Increase in respiratory rate
● طيب بالنسبة لل HR كلهم بيحصل فيهم tachycardia ما عدا neurogenic shock
ال HR بكون فيه bradycardia ؟
بتحصل ليه عشان قلل
sympathetic tone lead to unopposed parasympathtic response
lead to decrease vascular tone & HR
● كل أنواع ال shock ال BP بيقل يعني في hypotension و كلهم بكون فيه Increase in respiratory rate
● طيب بالنسبة لل HR كلهم بيحصل فيهم tachycardia ما عدا neurogenic shock
ال HR بكون فيه bradycardia ؟
بتحصل ليه عشان قلل
sympathetic tone lead to unopposed parasympathtic response
lead to decrease vascular tone & HR
❤4
Forwarded from " Clinical Notes "
🗯 دكتور الشافعي بقول :-
● أنه العيان اللي جاي ب Hemorrhage أول حاجة بنعملها هي resuscitation و دايماً تدي للعيان saline لحد م يجيلك fresh blood ما عدا Hemoptysis
لانه ال 1st line of ttt is intubation
● أنت عشان تدخل ف hemorrhagic shock محتاج تفقد ع الأقل 2 لتر من blood على الأقل و ال trachea تتسد ب 200 ml of blood عشان لو دخلت ال trachea هدخل العيان ف asphyxia & death عشان كده أهم حاجة ال intubation
● أنه العيان اللي جاي ب Hemorrhage أول حاجة بنعملها هي resuscitation و دايماً تدي للعيان saline لحد م يجيلك fresh blood ما عدا Hemoptysis
لانه ال 1st line of ttt is intubation
● أنت عشان تدخل ف hemorrhagic shock محتاج تفقد ع الأقل 2 لتر من blood على الأقل و ال trachea تتسد ب 200 ml of blood عشان لو دخلت ال trachea هدخل العيان ف asphyxia & death عشان كده أهم حاجة ال intubation
❤13
■ توضيح بسيط ف imaging in case of focal neurological deficits :-
● Non contrast CT of the brain is the most commonly used
● في حالة ischemic stroke ( infarction) :
♤ Infarction مش هتظهر غير ما بعد من 24 to 48 hours ، even small infarction
♤ عشان كدا لازم اعمل follow up بعد 48 hs عشان اتأكد من ischemic stroke
● hemorraghic stroke :
♤ bleeding appears immediatley even very small lesion
♤ عشان كدا CT scan help to rule out of a hge stroke
● Non contrast CT of the brain is the most commonly used
● في حالة ischemic stroke ( infarction) :
♤ Infarction مش هتظهر غير ما بعد من 24 to 48 hours ، even small infarction
♤ عشان كدا لازم اعمل follow up بعد 48 hs عشان اتأكد من ischemic stroke
● hemorraghic stroke :
♤ bleeding appears immediatley even very small lesion
♤ عشان كدا CT scan help to rule out of a hge stroke
❤6
Forwarded from " Clinical Notes "
ALL the types of shock cause tachycardia except one ?
Anonymous Quiz
4%
Hypovolemic shock
8%
Septic shock
30%
Cardiogenic shock
10%
Obstructive shock
48%
Neurogenic shock
All the followings are treatable cause of cardiac arrest except ?
Anonymous Quiz
6%
Cardiac tamponade
4%
Hyperkalemia
2%
Tension pneumothorax
3%
Thrombosis
85%
Brugada syndrome
All the followings are cause of dilated fixed pupil except ?
Anonymous Quiz
12%
Atropine
14%
TCA
57%
L.S.D
17%
Nutmeg
A patient presents with headache and hypertension & heat intolerance. ECG shows sinus tachycardia. He has ⬇️TSH & ⬆️free T4. The best management of this case is
Anonymous Quiz
88%
Antithyroid medications as methimazole
6%
Sedation
2%
Anticoagulation
4%
Cardioversion
❤1
All the followings are extrinsic causes of coma except ?
Anonymous Quiz
13%
Vit B3 deficiency
17%
Epilepsy
5%
Hypoglycemia
7%
Respiratory faliure
54%
Vasculitis
3%
Shock
❤3
🗯 تجميعات توكسو في المنهج :-
■ dilated fixed pupil with ( atropine , TCA , nutmeg , botulism )
■ bradycardia with ( OPs on M receptor , rabbit fish)
■ opsithotonus position ( high arched back ) with tetanus , Acute dystonic reactions , strchynine
■ hyperthermia with only herbicides , rabbit fish , NMS
■ HTN with tachycardia :
NMS , L.S.D , acute dystonic reactions , scorpion , strchynine
■ Gait : unsteady gait ( in atropine ) , shuffling gait ( in parkinsonism )
■ dilated fixed pupil with ( atropine , TCA , nutmeg , botulism )
■ bradycardia with ( OPs on M receptor , rabbit fish)
■ opsithotonus position ( high arched back ) with tetanus , Acute dystonic reactions , strchynine
■ hyperthermia with only herbicides , rabbit fish , NMS
■ HTN with tachycardia :
NMS , L.S.D , acute dystonic reactions , scorpion , strchynine
■ Gait : unsteady gait ( in atropine ) , shuffling gait ( in parkinsonism )
❤19
🗯 TTT of AF :-
■ if the patient is hemodynamic stable :
● Rate control
( slow Ventricular rate ) : BCD
♤ BBs , CCBs as verapamil & diltiazem , digoxin
● Rhythm control : (restore sinus rhythm)
◇ methods :-
1- chemical cardioversion ( oral class IC & class III , IAa agent , IV ibutilide )
2-electrical cardioversion ( DC)
♤ precautions :-
• DOACs is indicated if ( previous embolization , before DC , valvular disease as MS )
1- if AF < 48 h : immediately without DOACs
2- if AF > 48h : DOACs 3wk before & 4 wk after DC
■ if the patient is hemodynamic unstable ( hypotensive , angina , uncontrolled HF ) :
▪︎DC cardioversion
■ if the patient is hemodynamic stable :
● Rate control
( slow Ventricular rate ) : BCD
♤ BBs , CCBs as verapamil & diltiazem , digoxin
● Rhythm control : (restore sinus rhythm)
◇ methods :-
1- chemical cardioversion ( oral class IC & class III , IAa agent , IV ibutilide )
2-electrical cardioversion ( DC)
♤ precautions :-
• DOACs is indicated if ( previous embolization , before DC , valvular disease as MS )
1- if AF < 48 h : immediately without DOACs
2- if AF > 48h : DOACs 3wk before & 4 wk after DC
■ if the patient is hemodynamic unstable ( hypotensive , angina , uncontrolled HF ) :
▪︎DC cardioversion
❤11
🗯 ttt of PSVT :-
■ If the patient is hemodynamic stable :-
1- vagal stimulation by carotid sinus massage or valsalva
2- slow ventricular rate ( rate control ) : IV ABCD : adenosine , BBs as propranolol , CCBs as verapamil , digitalis
■ if the pateint is hemodynamic unstable : ( hypotension , HF ) :
• DC cardioversion
■ prevention of PSVT : by evaluation by Electrophysiology for RFCA ( Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation)
■ If the patient is hemodynamic stable :-
1- vagal stimulation by carotid sinus massage or valsalva
2- slow ventricular rate ( rate control ) : IV ABCD : adenosine , BBs as propranolol , CCBs as verapamil , digitalis
■ if the pateint is hemodynamic unstable : ( hypotension , HF ) :
• DC cardioversion
■ prevention of PSVT : by evaluation by Electrophysiology for RFCA ( Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation)
❤5
🗯🗯 توقعات آخر امتحان نظري medical emergency :-
● التوكسو :-
○ C/P & ttt of organophosphorus
○ give a short note about antitode of snake venom
● الأطفال :
○ Define Respiratory faliure , its type , give in a short brief about investigation & clinical features
● الباطنة :
○ ttt of AF or ttt of VT
○ Enumerate 3 parental antihypertensive drugs used in ttt of HTN emergency with their indication & S.E
□ give a short note about HTN urgency
□ Define cardiac or CNS symptoms & examination & investigation for diagnosis of HTN emergency
● التوكسو :-
○ C/P & ttt of organophosphorus
○ give a short note about antitode of snake venom
● الأطفال :
○ Define Respiratory faliure , its type , give in a short brief about investigation & clinical features
● الباطنة :
○ ttt of AF or ttt of VT
○ Enumerate 3 parental antihypertensive drugs used in ttt of HTN emergency with their indication & S.E
□ give a short note about HTN urgency
□ Define cardiac or CNS symptoms & examination & investigation for diagnosis of HTN emergency
❤25
" Clinical Notes "
🗯🗯 توقعات آخر امتحان نظري medical emergency :- ● التوكسو :- ○ C/P & ttt of organophosphorus ○ give a short note about antitode of snake venom ● الأطفال : ○ Define Respiratory faliure , its type , give in a short brief about investigation & clinical…
■ سؤال AF اتكرر قبل كدا كثير و دايماً بجي ttt و أقل بيجي causes & presentation
■ سؤال VT جه كثير و اتكرر قبل كداا خاصة ttt & causes
دول بالمناسبة أكثر حاجة مشهورة و common
■ سؤال VT جه كثير و اتكرر قبل كداا خاصة ttt & causes
دول بالمناسبة أكثر حاجة مشهورة و common
❤15
🗯 Notes on tachyarrythemia :-
■ the most common cause of AF is HTN & 2nd most common is PE & COPD
■ pulse deficits > 10/m in AF , < 10/m in ( extrasystole)
■ occational canon waves sound ( A-V dissociation ) in case of VT & CHB
■ قاعدة no p wave يبقى P-R interval can't be measured
■ saw teeth appearance in case of Atrial flutter
■ 1st DOC in VT is lidocaine & 2nd is amiodarone & procainimide
■ 1st step in management of sinus tachycardia is ttt of the cause
■ قاعدة أي arrythmia تطلع من ventricle ال QRS complex is abnormal wide
■ Any tachycardia with wide QRS complex consider VT until proven otherwise
■ the most common cause of AF is HTN & 2nd most common is PE & COPD
■ pulse deficits > 10/m in AF , < 10/m in ( extrasystole)
■ occational canon waves sound ( A-V dissociation ) in case of VT & CHB
■ قاعدة no p wave يبقى P-R interval can't be measured
■ saw teeth appearance in case of Atrial flutter
■ 1st DOC in VT is lidocaine & 2nd is amiodarone & procainimide
■ 1st step in management of sinus tachycardia is ttt of the cause
■ قاعدة أي arrythmia تطلع من ventricle ال QRS complex is abnormal wide
■ Any tachycardia with wide QRS complex consider VT until proven otherwise
❤18
What is ur diagnosis ?
Anonymous Quiz
93%
Lt cerebrovascular stroke d.t occlusion of left MCA
7%
Rt cerebrovascular stroke d.t occulsion of Rt MCA
❤6
■ ف درس TCA toxicity مكتوب ف role of NaHco3 أنه بقلل ptn binding دي مكتوبة غلط ف الكتاب
و الصح :
أنه يزود ptn binding of TCA عشان يقلل free part فيقل toxicity
و الصح :
أنه يزود ptn binding of TCA عشان يقلل free part فيقل toxicity
❤37