■ Notes on HBV markers :

● HBsAg : it detects in the serum during Acute or chronic infection
♤ خلي بالك لو قعد أكثر من 6 شهور يعني دخل في chronic state or carrier state

● Anti-HBs :
يعني المريض حصله
   resloved infection ( recovery) or immunity ( natural or vaccine)

● HBcAg : only detected in the liver biopsy

● Anti-HBc  =
♤ its presence : بيدل على infection ممكن يكون acute or chronic
♤ بيدل برضو على أنه المريض حصله resolved infection ( recovery) أو
immunization ( natural only)

♤IgM = Acute infection
♤IgG =  chronic infection

● HBeAg = it detected in the serum during Acute or chronic infection

♤ its presence = highly infectivity ( high viral replication)

● Anti-HBe :
♤ its presence  = low infectivity ( low viral repilcation ) 
♤ بيدل على انه المريض حصله
Resloved infection ( recovery ) or immunity ( only natural )

● PCR ( HBV DNA ) = it is the most sensitive index of viral replication

■ compare between post-tonsillectomy hge جدول مهم

■ توقعات امتحان GIT :-

● الباطنة :
1- Types & common causes of gastritis
2- symptoms ( grades) of HE

● الأطفال :
1_ C/P & investigation of wilson disease or C/P & investigation of AIH

2_ complications of gastroenteritis ( Acute diarrhea ) or
enumerate causes of Acute diarrhea & pathogenesis of bacterial diarrhea

● الجراحة :
1- pathology & C/P & ttt of 1ry malignant liver tumors or C/P & ttt of Amebic liver abscess

2- pathology & C/P & ttt of pleomorphic adenoma

3- C/P & investigation of chronic cholecystitis

4- C/P & investigation of calcular OJ or compare between calcular & malignant OJ

● ENT :

1- Causes & ttt & C/P of velopharyngeal incompetence or snoring & sleep apnea
Or
2- C/P & ttt & investigation of nasopharyngeal fibroma
Or
3- C/P & investigation& ttt of quinzy ( peritonsillar abscess)
Or
4- compare between post tonsillectomy hge

يا شباب سؤال symptoms of HE هتكتب من grade 0 لحد grade 4
ممكن يقول السؤال بطريقة تانية يكون عاوز west haven criteria of HE هتكتب من covert HE لحد grade 4

■ دي أسباب palmar erythema مجموعة في كلمة PALM لازم تكون عارفها اكويس

■ causes of spider naevi :

● familial

● liver disease as Alcohol , liver cirrhosis , viral hepatitis

● pregnancy

● estrogen containing oral contraceptive pills

● thyrotoxicosis , RA