■ NOTES on Squint : -
● Part 1 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/108
● comparison between the types of squint :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/110
● Part 2 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/112
● Part 3 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/119
https://t.me/med_Notes2/126
● Cover & un cover test :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/117
https://t.me/med_Notes2/127
● Part 1 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/108
● comparison between the types of squint :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/110
● Part 2 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/112
● Part 3 :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/119
https://t.me/med_Notes2/126
● Cover & un cover test :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/117
https://t.me/med_Notes2/127
Telegram
" NOTES"
■Notes on EOM :-
● The nearest EOM to macula is IO
● The nearest EOM to limbus is MR
● when you bring viusal axis to longitudunial axis to ms is called main action
● when the viusal axis is perpendicular to longitudinal axis of ms is called subsiadiary…
● The nearest EOM to macula is IO
● The nearest EOM to limbus is MR
● when you bring viusal axis to longitudunial axis to ms is called main action
● when the viusal axis is perpendicular to longitudinal axis of ms is called subsiadiary…
❤2
في حد عاوز يفهم جزء cover & un-cover test في درس latent squint
قبل ما اعمل test بشوف هل في ocular deviation و لا لأ ؟ عشان استبعد وجود manifest squint
طيب بغطي العين اللي فيها latent squint و بشوف هل العين الثانية فيها manifest squint و لا لأ يعني cover test detect manifest in other eye
طيب العين ال cover هشيله و بعد كده هيظهرلي أنه العين كان فيها latent squint لأنها عاوزه تعمل fixation to object ترجع لوضعها الطبيعي بمعنى
Un-cover test is detecting latent squint in affected eye which is cover
قبل ما اعمل test بشوف هل في ocular deviation و لا لأ ؟ عشان استبعد وجود manifest squint
طيب بغطي العين اللي فيها latent squint و بشوف هل العين الثانية فيها manifest squint و لا لأ يعني cover test detect manifest in other eye
طيب العين ال cover هشيله و بعد كده هيظهرلي أنه العين كان فيها latent squint لأنها عاوزه تعمل fixation to object ترجع لوضعها الطبيعي بمعنى
Un-cover test is detecting latent squint in affected eye which is cover
😍4
■ Notes :-
● Paralytic squint :
♧ it is the most serious type of squint
♧ Corneal light reflex is not at the centre of pupil
♧ Angle of deviation is variable in all directions of gaze
♧ All the manifestations are in the same direction of action of paralyzed ms EXCEPT squint itself
♧ False projection occur in the direction of action of paralyzed ms
♧ un-crossed squint diplopia occur with LR paralysis , while crossed with MR paralysis
♧ TTT of the cause in the 1st 6 months firstly
♧ paralytic squint with no diplopia :
* single eye , deep amblyopia , 3rd nerve palsy (unilateral marked ptosis) , young age
♧ 6th nerve palsy+ horner syndrome = cavernous sinus syndrome
♧ 3rd nerve palsy + dilated pupil + paralysis of accommodation = post.communicating aneurysm
♧ 3rd nerve palsy + spared accommodation + dilated pupil = DM & HTN
♧ AHP in case of EOM paralysis :
♤ MR & LR paralysis = face turn
♤ SR & IR prarlysis = chin elevation & depression
♤ SO& IO paralysis = head tilt
● Paralytic squint :
♧ it is the most serious type of squint
♧ Corneal light reflex is not at the centre of pupil
♧ Angle of deviation is variable in all directions of gaze
♧ All the manifestations are in the same direction of action of paralyzed ms EXCEPT squint itself
♧ False projection occur in the direction of action of paralyzed ms
♧ un-crossed squint diplopia occur with LR paralysis , while crossed with MR paralysis
♧ TTT of the cause in the 1st 6 months firstly
♧ paralytic squint with no diplopia :
* single eye , deep amblyopia , 3rd nerve palsy (unilateral marked ptosis) , young age
♧ 6th nerve palsy+ horner syndrome = cavernous sinus syndrome
♧ 3rd nerve palsy + dilated pupil + paralysis of accommodation = post.communicating aneurysm
♧ 3rd nerve palsy + spared accommodation + dilated pupil = DM & HTN
♧ AHP in case of EOM paralysis :
♤ MR & LR paralysis = face turn
♤ SR & IR prarlysis = chin elevation & depression
♤ SO& IO paralysis = head tilt
❤2
■ Note :-
● concomitant squint :-
♧ The most important cause is errors of refraction ( excessive hypermetropia)
♧ Convergent squint ( esotropia ) is more common in children d.t strong MR
♧ the angle of deviation is constant in all directions of gaze
♧ Normal ocular motility
♧unilateral concomitant : ambylopia , while alternating there is no ambylopia
♧ there is no diplopia & face turn
●infantile esotropia :
♤ low hyperopia
♤ it Starts at age of 6 m
♤ it is not caused by errors of refraction
♤Large angle of deviation
♤ Latent nystagmus
♤ Common ambylobia (30%)
♤ Cross fixation
♤ttt: Correct ambylobia + Early surgical ttt before age of 12 m (Bilateral MR recession)
● TTT of concomitant squint :- ( GOOS)
♧ Glasses : to improve VC
♧ occulsion : to correct amblyopia
♧ orthoptic exercise : to gain SBV
♧Surgery: to correct deviation
● concomitant squint :-
♧ The most important cause is errors of refraction ( excessive hypermetropia)
♧ Convergent squint ( esotropia ) is more common in children d.t strong MR
♧ the angle of deviation is constant in all directions of gaze
♧ Normal ocular motility
♧unilateral concomitant : ambylopia , while alternating there is no ambylopia
♧ there is no diplopia & face turn
●infantile esotropia :
♤ low hyperopia
♤ it Starts at age of 6 m
♤ it is not caused by errors of refraction
♤Large angle of deviation
♤ Latent nystagmus
♤ Common ambylobia (30%)
♤ Cross fixation
♤ttt: Correct ambylobia + Early surgical ttt before age of 12 m (Bilateral MR recession)
● TTT of concomitant squint :- ( GOOS)
♧ Glasses : to improve VC
♧ occulsion : to correct amblyopia
♧ orthoptic exercise : to gain SBV
♧Surgery: to correct deviation
❤4
■Cover & uncover test in concomitant squint :
If you cover the squint eye
مفيش حاجة هتحصل للعين السليمة اللي عاملها fixating
If you cover normal eye
العين اللي فيها squint تتحرك عشان تبقى fixating و العين السليمة تبقى squinting
* طيب لو شلت cover :
• العين ترجع لوضعها الطبيعي = unilateral squint
• أو العين تبقى زي ما هي fix هتبقى alternating squint
If you cover the squint eye
مفيش حاجة هتحصل للعين السليمة اللي عاملها fixating
If you cover normal eye
العين اللي فيها squint تتحرك عشان تبقى fixating و العين السليمة تبقى squinting
* طيب لو شلت cover :
• العين ترجع لوضعها الطبيعي = unilateral squint
• أو العين تبقى زي ما هي fix هتبقى alternating squint
😍12
مساء الخير يا شباب كده أنا خلصت كل النوت على TBL و بكده آخر نوت هتكون في المديول ده و الفصل ده
دعواتكم لا تنسوني من صالح دعائكم
نلتقي مرة أخرى .
دعواتكم لا تنسوني من صالح دعائكم
نلتقي مرة أخرى .
😭13❤9
■ NOTE :-
● Glucoma :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/148
https://t.me/med_Notes2/149
● Eye lid :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/58
● Cornea :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/72
● Squint :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/114
● Key words for ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/133?comment=122
● Middle ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/95
● inner ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/138
● Audiology :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/143
https://t.me/med_Notes2/139
https://t.me/med_Notes2/141
● Glucoma :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/148
https://t.me/med_Notes2/149
● Eye lid :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/58
● Cornea :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/72
● Squint :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/114
● Key words for ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/133?comment=122
● Middle ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/95
● inner ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/138
● Audiology :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/143
https://t.me/med_Notes2/139
https://t.me/med_Notes2/141
Telegram
" NOTES"
■ NOTES on TTT of glucoma :-
● Both BBs & CAi & brimonidine act on decrease production of aqueous
● PG analogue & adrenaline act on increase outflow of aqueous
● Brimonidine is CI under the age of 2 years
● Acetazolamide is given in case of acute…
● Both BBs & CAi & brimonidine act on decrease production of aqueous
● PG analogue & adrenaline act on increase outflow of aqueous
● Brimonidine is CI under the age of 2 years
● Acetazolamide is given in case of acute…
🥰6
مساء الخير يا شباب في أكثر من حد بعت عاوز key words بتاعت شابتر ال ear
لأنه غالباً قسم ال ent بيحب يجيب الأسئلة ال mcq على شكل cases
بالنسبة لل mcq أحسن حاجة تحلوا من كتاب القسم و ممكن من كتاب دكتور مسعد
لأنه غالباً قسم ال ent بيحب يجيب الأسئلة ال mcq على شكل cases
بالنسبة لل mcq أحسن حاجة تحلوا من كتاب القسم و ممكن من كتاب دكتور مسعد
Forwarded from Ahmed Fathy || V2 AUD 🇵🇸
MCQs ENT د مسعد.pdf
39.5 MB
مساء الخير يا شباب عارف الوقت ضيق على الكل و أنا اولكم بلاش خالص الصياح و العصبية رغم أنه ده مش هيفيد حد اعمل اللي عليك و بس و اترك النتيجة
بما أنه الوقت ضيق فاحسن حاجة تعملها ي أما تخصص يوم لل ear وبس أو تقسمها على الأيام ديي و ابدأ بال external ear بعدين inner ear بعده middle ear لأنه ذاكرناها قبل
لو الوقت أسعفني و قدرت ممكن انزل نوتس مهمة لل mcq بشكل general كنت نزلت قبل كده ع middle ear
بما أنه الوقت ضيق فاحسن حاجة تعملها ي أما تخصص يوم لل ear وبس أو تقسمها على الأيام ديي و ابدأ بال external ear بعدين inner ear بعده middle ear لأنه ذاكرناها قبل
لو الوقت أسعفني و قدرت ممكن انزل نوتس مهمة لل mcq بشكل general كنت نزلت قبل كده ع middle ear
❤12
■ NOTES on inner ear :-
● Most cases of cochlear sudden SNHL are idiopathic
● Secretory& intermittent OM & meniere's &Rupture of R.W membrane & wax cause fluctuant H.L
● Presbycusis is the commonest cause of SNHL in adults
● Both gentamycin & streptomycin sulphate affect firstly vestibular labyrinth before cochlea
● Meniere disease :
♧ it is common cause of peripheral labyrinthine vertigo
♧ SNHL is initailly reversible then become permenant
♧ In case of dead ear : labyrinthectomy
♧ sterptomycin it represents a medical labyrinthectomy in toxic cases ( bilateral severe SNHL )
● both Radiotherapy & electricity may cause CHL or SNHL
● in acoustic trauma the hearing loss max at 5500 hz , while chronic at 4000 hz
● Acoustic neuroma :
♧ C/P : unilateral SNHL & tinnitus & Vertigo not marked
♧ The earliest neurological manifest is trigeminal
♧ MRI is the most accurate & most diagnostic
● Most cases of cochlear sudden SNHL are idiopathic
● Secretory& intermittent OM & meniere's &Rupture of R.W membrane & wax cause fluctuant H.L
● Presbycusis is the commonest cause of SNHL in adults
● Both gentamycin & streptomycin sulphate affect firstly vestibular labyrinth before cochlea
● Meniere disease :
♧ it is common cause of peripheral labyrinthine vertigo
♧ SNHL is initailly reversible then become permenant
♧ In case of dead ear : labyrinthectomy
♧ sterptomycin it represents a medical labyrinthectomy in toxic cases ( bilateral severe SNHL )
● both Radiotherapy & electricity may cause CHL or SNHL
● in acoustic trauma the hearing loss max at 5500 hz , while chronic at 4000 hz
● Acoustic neuroma :
♧ C/P : unilateral SNHL & tinnitus & Vertigo not marked
♧ The earliest neurological manifest is trigeminal
♧ MRI is the most accurate & most diagnostic
❤3
■ Tympanogram : -
● ossicular disruption : type Ad ( hypermoile)
● secretory OM : type B ( flat)
● adhesive OM : type C
● E T dysfunction : type C (-ve peak)
● otosclerosis : type As ( restricted curve
● oscillatory in glomus tumor
● ossicular disruption : type Ad ( hypermoile)
● secretory OM : type B ( flat)
● adhesive OM : type C
● E T dysfunction : type C (-ve peak)
● otosclerosis : type As ( restricted curve
● oscillatory in glomus tumor
■ Notes on audiology :
● Poor speech discrimination in acoustic neuroma
●Acoustic ( stapedial) reflex is absent in case of facial paralysis & otosclerosis
● ABR measures electrical acitivity in cochlear nerve & brain stem & used in detection acoustic neuroma ( delayed wave V)
● OAEs is used for detection of cochlear pathology ( ototoxicitiy & noise exposure)
● hearing aids are using in case of :
♧ congeintal deafness as CAA
♧ Aquired deafness :
♤ CHL : when operation is CI or refused
♤ SNHL : cochlear otosclerosis , presbyacusis
● PTA:
♧ it used for selection of hearing aids
♧ when you perform it , mask of non ear test to avoid cross transmission
♧ frequncy : 125 to 8000 Hz , while intensity from -10 to 120 dB
♧ CHL = increases Ac threshold + normal BC = air bone gap
♧ SNHL = increase both AC & BC threshold ( no air bone gap)
♧ Mixed = both AC & BC increased but more AC = air- bone gap
● Poor speech discrimination in acoustic neuroma
●Acoustic ( stapedial) reflex is absent in case of facial paralysis & otosclerosis
● ABR measures electrical acitivity in cochlear nerve & brain stem & used in detection acoustic neuroma ( delayed wave V)
● OAEs is used for detection of cochlear pathology ( ototoxicitiy & noise exposure)
● hearing aids are using in case of :
♧ congeintal deafness as CAA
♧ Aquired deafness :
♤ CHL : when operation is CI or refused
♤ SNHL : cochlear otosclerosis , presbyacusis
● PTA:
♧ it used for selection of hearing aids
♧ when you perform it , mask of non ear test to avoid cross transmission
♧ frequncy : 125 to 8000 Hz , while intensity from -10 to 120 dB
♧ CHL = increases Ac threshold + normal BC = air bone gap
♧ SNHL = increase both AC & BC threshold ( no air bone gap)
♧ Mixed = both AC & BC increased but more AC = air- bone gap
❤2
■ NOTE :
● Key words for ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/133?comment=122
● Middle ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/95
● inner ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/138
● Audiology :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/143
https://t.me/med_Notes2/139
https://t.me/med_Notes2/141
● Key words for ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/133?comment=122
● Middle ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/95
● inner ear diseases :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/138
● Audiology :
https://t.me/med_Notes2/143
https://t.me/med_Notes2/139
https://t.me/med_Notes2/141
Telegram
Notes
Key words for cases of ear disease
مساء الخير
في أكثر من حد بعت ايه أفضل مصدر لل MCQ يكون شامل كل حاجة سواء في الرمد أو ear
الرمد حل من كتاب د.وائل و لل ear حل من كتاب د.مسعد أو القسم
في أكثر من حد بعت ايه أفضل مصدر لل MCQ يكون شامل كل حاجة سواء في الرمد أو ear
الرمد حل من كتاب د.وائل و لل ear حل من كتاب د.مسعد أو القسم