Mapping upsc & PSC
26.7K subscribers
864 photos
51 files
361 links
Mapping for upsc & State PSC
Download Telegram
Mauritius:

Location: It is an island country located off the southeast coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean.
It is a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
Both the Indian Ocean Rim Association and the Indian Ocean Commission have their headquarters in Mauritius.
It is part of the Mascarene islands, a group of islands created by volcanic activity in the Indian Ocean. 
Terrain: It is made up of the main island of Mauritius and several outlying islands, like Ambre Island, Est Island, Cerfs Island, Benitiers Island, etc.
It is a volcanic island.
Climate: The climate is maritime subtropical, with fairly uniform temperatures throughout the year.

Join https://t.me/Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 A Himalayan Tragedy: The Bhotekoshi Flood

📍 What Happened?
🟢 A devastating flood struck Nepal’s Bhotekoshi River on Thursday, devastating the Rasuwa, Nuwakot and Dhading districts.
🟢 The river originated in China and is a tributary of the Trishuli River system.
🟢 Scientists are investigating whether a high-altitude rock-and-ice avalanche triggered the disaster.

📍 Possible Trigger: A Cascading Hazard
🟢 A massive rock-and-ice avalanche may have descended from the Nepal–China border region into the river.
🟢 The debris may have temporarily blocked the river, creating a natural barrier.
🟢 Its subsequent collapse could have released an enormous volume of water, mud, ice and rock debris downstream.
🟢 A magnitude 4.4 earthquake in the region is also being investigated as a possible factor in destabilising the slope.

📍 Why Was the Flood So Destructive?
🟢 The flood crossed the Nepal–China border and rapidly travelled downstream.
🟢 Scientists estimate that water levels rose by around 9 metres in about 30 minutes at Galchhi in Dhading.
🟢 The disaster damaged homes, roads, bridges and other critical infrastructure.
🟢 The sudden nature of the flood gave affected communities very little time to escape.

📍 Not a Conventional GLOF
🟢 Scientists initially considered a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) as a possible cause.
🟢 However, no known glacial lake was found in the immediate area.
🟢 Experts now suspect an ice-and-rock avalanche-triggered flood, demonstrating the complex nature of Himalayan hazards.

📍 Climate Change Connection
🟢 Scientists have not directly attributed this specific flood to climate change.
🟢 However, rising temperatures are warming the Himalayas and accelerating glacier melt.
🟢 Climate change can destabilise ice, rock and mountain slopes, increasing the risk of cascading disasters.
🟢 Warming can trigger a chain reaction: avalanche → temporary blockage → sudden breach → destructive flood.

📍 Significance for India
🟢 The Himalayas are a shared and interconnected ecosystem, making transboundary disaster risks a major concern.
🟢 Similar cascading hazards threaten Indian Himalayan states, particularly Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
🟢 India needs greater transboundary data-sharing and cooperation on river flows, glaciers and mountain hazards.
🟢 Satellite monitoring, real-time sensors and multi-hazard early-warning systems should be strengthened.

📍 Key Takeaway
🟢 The Bhotekoshi tragedy highlights that Himalayan disasters are increasingly complex and cascading, rather than isolated events.
🟢 Disaster management must move beyond a single-hazard approach and focus on the entire chain of interconnected risks.

🔹 UPSC Mains Question:
“The increasing occurrence of cascading hazards in the Himalayas exposes the limitations of a single-hazard approach to disaster management.” Discuss. Suggest measures to strengthen multi-hazard risk assessment and early-warning systems in the Indian Himalayan Region.

#DisasterManagement #Geography
🔆 Indravati River

📍 Why in News?
Anti-Naxal operation conducted along the Indravati river belt in Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh.

📍 Origin & Course
Originates in Kalahandi district, Odisha on the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats.
Flows westward into Chhattisgarh.
Forms boundary between Maharashtra & Chhattisgarh at several stretches.

📍 River Profile
One of the most important rivers of Chhattisgarh.
Known as the “Lifeline of Bastar” (ecologically rich region).
Tributary of the Godavari River (left-bank tributary).
Length: ~530 km.
Catchment area: ~41,700 sq km.

📍 Major Tributaries
Bhaskel
Narangi
Nimbra
Kotri
Bandia
Nandiraj

📍 Important Features Along the River
Chitrakoot Falls – Called the “Niagara of Chhattisgarh”.
Indravati National Park – Located along its banks (tiger reserve area).
Indravati Dam & Bodhghat Hydel Project – Major hydropower/irrigation projects.

📝 UPSC Prelims Focus
• Origin – Eastern Ghats (Odisha)
• Tributary of – Godavari
• Forms boundary – Maharashtra–Chhattisgarh
• Waterfall – Chitrakoot Falls

📝 UPSC Mains Angle (GS1 – Geography / GS3 – Internal Security)
“Explain the geographical significance of the Indravati River basin and its relevance in addressing left-wing extremism in central India.”

#GS1 #GS3 #IndianGeography #places_in_news

Join https://t.me/Mapping_prelims_mains
EPFO accelerator program ( 14 September start )

Daily 10 PM Bot Quiz: Practice 30 targeted MCQs every day (Sunday OFF).
30 MCQ with details explanation ( maths reasoning 15 MCQ without explanation)
subject cover - English, Current Affairs, Maths, Reasoning, Science
Computer, Labour Law, Industrial Relations, Social Security, Accounting, Auditing, Insurance, History & Culture, Polity, Economy
Structured Preparation: Full syllabus schedule included to keep you on track.
24/7 Revision: Missed the quiz? MCQs are available anytime for seamless revision.
Massive Question Bank: Gain access to a total of 3000+ MCQs.

Pre-Enrollment Fee: ₹499 (Active Now)
Standard Fee: ₹599

Enroll - @EPFO_admin_bot
🔆 Places in News: United Arab Emirates (UAE)

📍 Why in News
United Arab Emirates accused Iran of a drone strike at Fujairah oil facility
Incident highlights West Asia tensions & energy security risks

📍 Political Features
Capital: Abu Dhabi
Federal Structure: 7 emirates → Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah

📍 Borders & Location
Neighbouring Countries:
Saudi Arabia (West & South)
Oman (Southeast)

Water Bodies:
Gulf of Oman (East)
Persian Gulf (North & Northwest)

📍 Strategic Importance
Close to Strait of Hormuz
➡️ Major global oil transit route

📍 Geographical Features
Located in Eastern Arabian Peninsula
Climate:
Hot desert climate (extreme summers, mild winters)
Cooler eastern mountains

Water Availability:
No perennial rivers or surface water bodies

Important Latitude:
Tropic of Cancer passes through Abu Dhabi

📍 Exam Relevance
Prelims: Map location, Strait of Hormuz, neighbours
Mains (GS1/GS2): West Asia geopolitics, energy security

#GS1 #Geography #PlacesInNews
🔆 Strait of Malacca

📍 Why in News?
The ongoing Hormuz crisis has highlighted the importance of the Strait of Malacca as another critical global chokepoint.

📍 Location & Geography

▪️ Connects:
Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean)
➡️ South China Sea

▪️ Bounded by:
▪️ Indonesia
▪️ Malaysia
▪️ Thailand
▪️ Singapore

📍 Strategic Significance

▪️ Global Trade Artery
Carries ~22% of global maritime trade

▪️ Energy Lifeline
One of the world’s largest oil transit chokepoints

▪️ Shortest Route
Connects East Asia with the Middle East and Europe

📍 Concerns & Vulnerabilities

▪️ Narrow Bottleneck
Phillips Channel creates congestion risks

▪️ Shallow Waters
Limits passage of very large vessels

▪️ Security Threats
Piracy and attacks on merchant ships

▪️ Environmental Risks
High risk of collisions and oil spills due to heavy traffic

📍 Significance for India
Critical for India’s trade and energy imports
Key to Indo-Pacific strategy and maritime security

#GS1 #Geography #PlacesInNews
Anmol vachan Short Notes THAT SAVE YOUR TIME!

UPSC Mains shorts notes

Modern history - 99 (199) 46 pages CLICK HERE

Ethics - 99rs 199 -41 pages CLICK HERE

Society 99rs 199 - 40 pages CLICK HERE

Society hindi medium CLICK HERE

World history -99rs 199- 29 pagesCLICK HERE

All 4 in just 350rs
3 - 270rs
2 - 190rs

Contact @Mains_Short_notes_bot

UPSC prelims

Ancient history - 31 pages 79rs (150rs)
CLICK HERE

Medieval history 24 pages 79 (150rs)
CLICK HERE
Contact -https://t.me/Prelims_Notes_bot


EPFO shorts Notes

English grammar 50 pages 99rs ( 199rs)
CLICK HERE

Labour code notes 30 pages 99 ( 199rs)

Click here

Contact - @EPFO_Notes_bot


BPSC prelims accelerator click here

EPFO accelerator click here

UPPSC & UPSC prelims accelerator click here
Luxembourg:

Location: It is a small landlocked western European Nation.
Bordering Country: It is bordered by 3 Nations: GermanyFrance and Belgium
It is a founding member of the European Union and NATO.
Capital City: Luxembourg
Geographical Features of Luxembourg:
Climate: It has a continental climate with cold winters and relatively mild-warm summers.
Highest Point: Burgplatz
Rivers: Major rivers are Alzette, Eisch, Moselle, Our and Sure.
Lake: The largest lake of Luxembourg is Lake Sure.
Natural resources: Its natural resources include oil, natural gas, coal, minerals, and the forest.
🔆 Madagascar

📍 Basic Info
Capital: Antananarivo
Gen Z–led anti-government protests have caused the government to fall.

📍 Political Features
Located in the Indian Ocean, off SE Africa
Maritime neighbours: Comoros, France (Mayotte & Réunion), Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles

📍 Geographical Features
4th-largest island globally
• Top 3: Greenland, New Guinea, Borneo
~90% endemic species — unique flora & fauna
• Due to long isolation from mainland Africa
Role in Indian Monsoon:
Mascarene High near Madagascar triggers SW Monsoon cycle
• Winds cross equator → deflect → become moisture-laden south-westerlies toward India

#places_in_news

https://t.me/Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 Mercator Map vs Equal Earth Projection

📍 Why in News?
🟢 The United Nations General Assembly voted to phase out the traditional Mercator map in favour of the Equal Earth projection to provide a more accurate representation of global landmass proportions.

📍 About Mercator Map
🟢 A cylindrical map projection, mathematically derived.
🟢 Longitudes and latitudes intersect at 90° angles.
🟢 Longitudes are evenly spaced, while latitudes become increasingly farther apart away from the Equator.
🟢 The Equator lies at the centre of the map.
🟢 Designed in 1569 by Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator, primarily to aid navigation.

📍 Major Limitation
🟢 Mercator projection distorts area, especially towards the poles.
🟢 Regions near the Equator appear relatively smaller, while high-latitude regions appear disproportionately larger.
🟢 Example: Greenland can appear comparable in size to Africa, although Africa is about 14 times larger.

📍 Equal Earth Projection
🟢 An equal-area pseudocylindrical projection designed for world maps.
🟢 Developed in 2018 by an international team of cartographers.
🟢 Its meridians are equally spaced and do not curve excessively outward.
🟢 Uses loosely approximate elliptical arcs, giving it an appearance closer to a globe.
🟢 Promoted by Togo’s #CorrectTheMap campaign.

📍 Advantage of Equal Earth
🟢 Preserves the relative areas of continents and countries more accurately.
🟢 Provides a better visual understanding of the true proportions of global landmasses.

📍 Important Caveat
🟢 The UN resolution is not legally binding.
🟢 It does not compel countries to stop using the Mercator projection.
🟢 However, it could influence school textbooks, digital technologies and mapping systems.

📍 Prelims Quick Recall
Mercator → 1569 → Gerardus Mercator → Cylindrical → Navigation → Area distortion

Equal Earth → 2018 → Equal-area pseudocylindrical → Accurate land-area representation → #CorrectTheMap

#places_in_news