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አክሽን ሪሰርች (Action research) የምንለው አንድን አፋጣኝ እና አንገብጋቢ ችግርን ለመፍታት ወይንም መፍትሄ ለመስጠት የምሰራው የምርምር ስራ አይነት ነው። ለምሳሌ በትምህርት ቤት ውስጥ የተማሪዎች ባህርይ ሲለወጥ ለምን እንደተለወጠ፣ ምክንያቱ፣ ያስከተለው ችግር፣ እንዲሁም መፍትሄውን ለማመላከትና በመፍትሄው መሰረት እርምጃ ለመውሰድ እንጠቀምበታለን። አክሽን ሪሰርች በአብዛኛው ትኩረቱ ለችግሩ አፋጣኝ መፍትሄ መስጠት ላይ ብቻ ነው። በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ ኬዝ ስተዲ (Case study) የምንለው አንድን ችግር በበቂ ሁኔታ ለመረዳት፣ ረጅም ግዜ ወስደን፣ ችግሩን በጥልቀት በመመርመር የምንሰራው የምርምር ስራ አይነት ነው። ብዙ ጊዜ ለችግሮች መፍትሄ መስጠት ላይ አያተኩርም። ችግሮቹን ግን በበቂ ሁኔታ እንድንረዳ ያደርገናል። ከታች ያለው ምስል ላይ በዝርዝር የተቀመጠውን እንድታዩት ጋበዝን!!!https://t.me/mamaker

የልዩነት ትንተና (ANOVA) source from Investopedia,2022

⚛️Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an analysis tool used in statistics that splits an observed aggregate variability found inside a data set into two parts: systematic factors and random factors. 🧲The systematic factors have a statistical influence on the given data set, while the random factors do not. Analysts use the ANOVA test to determine the influence that independent variables have on the dependent variable in a regression study.

out put ANOVA using SPSS

⚛️One-Way ANOVA Versus Two-Way ANOVA

There are two main types of ANOVA: 🧲one-way (or unidirectional) and two-way. There also variations of ANOVA. 📯For example, MANOVA (multivariate ANOVA) differs from ANOVA as the former tests for multiple dependent variables simultaneously while the latter assesses only one dependent variable at a time. One-way or two-way refers to the number of independent variables in your analysis of variance test. A one-way ANOVA evaluates the impact of a sole factor on a sole response variable. It determines whether all the samples are the same. The one-way ANOVA is used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated) groups.

🚧A two-way ANOVA is an extension of the one-way ANOVA. With a one-way, you have one independent variable affecting a dependent variable. 🖼With a two-way ANOVA, there are two independents. For example, a two-way ANOVA allows a company to compare worker productivity based on two independent variables, such as salary and skill set. It is utilized to observe the interaction between the two factors and tests the effect of two factors at the same time.

SPSS Statistics Output of the one-way ANOVA

Statistical significance of the two-way ANOVA

EXAMple of ANOVA

♊️ANOVA for #repeated measures is used :-

🅰when we want to compare the mean scores between three or more groups on different observations, unlike the T-Test analysis (በሁለትና ከዛ በላይ ቡድን ልዩንትን ለማየት) which is usually used to compare the mean of one group to another. 

🉑Here is what our #study should have to require one-way ANOVA for repeated measures analysis:
♐️one group of respondents measured using the same scale on three or more different time periods OR each participant measured using at least three different items (e.g., questions) using the same response scale. 
♐️One categorical independent variable (also known as a repeated factor).
♐️One continuous dependent variable is used to repeat observations also known as a repeated measure.
♎️♎️♎️♎️♎️♎️♎️♎️♎️♎️♎️♎️

☮Assuming we want to test the efficacy of two #weight-loss diet programs (e.g., low-carb and low-fat), and 3 repeated periods: 1st Period (before starting the diet); 2nd Period (after 30 days), and 3rd Period (after 90 days). 

🕎It can design this study to include 50 participants, divided into two groups of 25 participants each. A participant can be part of one group only and only one diet program will be applied to each group. 

☸Here how the dataset for this case study looks like in the SPSS Data View tab

ከላይ የለው table ANOVAየሚያሳየው:- for repeated measures SPSS Data View

ለምሳሌ:-And here is the Variable View tab in SPSS:

⚛ይቀጥላል #to be continued 👇👇👇👇

♎️The independent variable in this example is the #[diet] Program which consists of two levels: low-carb and low-fat diets.
♐️The dependent variable is 1st Period, 2nd Period, and 3rd Period.
🆔We also have the ID where each respondent in the study is associated with a unique number. 
፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨
Since this study has one #independent variable and
♊️we plan to measure the diet effects for the same participants in two different groups over three-period points, the one-way ANOVA for repeated measures would be the right approach. 

♻️Before preceding with the ANOVA for repeated measures analysis, it is important to make sure we align with the required assumption for the ANOVA test:
⛎Independence: all observations must be independent therefore each group in the study must have unique participants.
🈴A participant can only be part of one group and there is no way the subject can influence members of another group.
🛃Sphericity: the variance between groups must be equal.

✳️Normality: data must have a multivariate normal distribution in the population under study. 
፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨፨

ከላይ ያለው table 2 Repeatedየሚያሳየው #Measures ANOVA Variable View