Why is a soft landing on the Moon so difficult? 🚀
Nearly sixty years after the Soviet Union’s Luna 9 mission made history as the first soft landing on the Moon, a lunar landing remains elusive for many countries. Russia’s Luna-25 mission failed earlier this week, in the same year that the Japanese Hakuto mission crash-landed. In 2019, Chandrayaan-2’s crash was preceded by Israel’s Beresheet facing a similar fate.
But why is it so difficult?
To begin with, the Moon has an extremely thin atmosphere. This means that spacecraft cannot rely on atmospheric friction to slow down considerably ahead of a landing. This means that they will have to rely heavily on their propulsion systems to make a safe landing. Also, there is no GPS on the Moon, unlike here on Earth. This means that onboard computers will have to make quick calculations and manoeuvres to land at a safe location without guidance from a massive network of satellites.
Why is ISRO aiming for the southern pole?
All of the spacecraft that have landed on the Moon previously have landed in the equatorial region, either a few degrees of latitude north or a few degrees south of the lunar equator. NASA’s Surveyor 7 is the mission that went farthest from the equator in history, landing as far away as 50 degrees south of the equator.
It is not without reason that so many missions land near the equator. The terrain and temperature there are more welcoming, making the long and sustained operations of instruments easier. Also, the surface there is relatively smooth with very few steep slopes, hills and craters.
Due to the difficult environment, the polar regions of the Moon have largely remained unexplored. But if the data from many previous orbiter missions is anything to go by, there regions could be very interesting to explore. Chandrayaan-1 observed some evidence of the presence of ice molecules in the deep craters in the region.
Also, the freezing cold temperatures of the region mean that things trapped there would remain frozen for a long time. Essentially, that part of the Moon could act as a “time capsule.” This could help scientists discover clues about the early history of the solar system, including how the Earth and the Moon formed.
#Chandrayaan3 #Chandrayaan3Landing
@MalikSir
Nearly sixty years after the Soviet Union’s Luna 9 mission made history as the first soft landing on the Moon, a lunar landing remains elusive for many countries. Russia’s Luna-25 mission failed earlier this week, in the same year that the Japanese Hakuto mission crash-landed. In 2019, Chandrayaan-2’s crash was preceded by Israel’s Beresheet facing a similar fate.
But why is it so difficult?
To begin with, the Moon has an extremely thin atmosphere. This means that spacecraft cannot rely on atmospheric friction to slow down considerably ahead of a landing. This means that they will have to rely heavily on their propulsion systems to make a safe landing. Also, there is no GPS on the Moon, unlike here on Earth. This means that onboard computers will have to make quick calculations and manoeuvres to land at a safe location without guidance from a massive network of satellites.
Why is ISRO aiming for the southern pole?
All of the spacecraft that have landed on the Moon previously have landed in the equatorial region, either a few degrees of latitude north or a few degrees south of the lunar equator. NASA’s Surveyor 7 is the mission that went farthest from the equator in history, landing as far away as 50 degrees south of the equator.
It is not without reason that so many missions land near the equator. The terrain and temperature there are more welcoming, making the long and sustained operations of instruments easier. Also, the surface there is relatively smooth with very few steep slopes, hills and craters.
Due to the difficult environment, the polar regions of the Moon have largely remained unexplored. But if the data from many previous orbiter missions is anything to go by, there regions could be very interesting to explore. Chandrayaan-1 observed some evidence of the presence of ice molecules in the deep craters in the region.
Also, the freezing cold temperatures of the region mean that things trapped there would remain frozen for a long time. Essentially, that part of the Moon could act as a “time capsule.” This could help scientists discover clues about the early history of the solar system, including how the Earth and the Moon formed.
#Chandrayaan3 #Chandrayaan3Landing
@MalikSir
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Alert🚨🚨🚨🚨
Jaldi he Exam calendar anna wala hai for about 3400 old Vacancies.
Jaldi he Exam calendar anna wala hai for about 3400 old Vacancies.
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Countries that have successfully carried out soft landings on the moon (first landing year):
🇷🇺 Soviet Union: 1966
🇺🇸 USA: 1966
🇨🇳 China: 2013
🇮🇳 India: 2023.
@MalikSir
🇷🇺 Soviet Union: 1966
🇺🇸 USA: 1966
🇨🇳 China: 2013
🇮🇳 India: 2023.
@MalikSir
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About Goldilocks zone:
✓It is a habitable zone, also called the “Goldilocks zone”, is the area around a star where it is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on the surface of surrounding planets.
✓Our Earth is in the Sun’s Goldilocks zone.
@MalikSir
✓It is a habitable zone, also called the “Goldilocks zone”, is the area around a star where it is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on the surface of surrounding planets.
✓Our Earth is in the Sun’s Goldilocks zone.
@MalikSir
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📍 INDUS RIVER
▪️ Length - 2880Km of which 709Km in India.
▪️ Originates - From Bokhar chu(Glacier) in northern slope of Mt. Kailash.
▪️ It enters India near Damchok.
▪️ Flows in India through the Leh district in J&K only.
▪️ Enters Pakistan near Chillar in the Dardistan region.
▪️ Important Tributaries :-
Right bank - Shyok, Gilgit, Nubra, Kabul.
Left bank - Zaskar, satluj, beas, ravi, chenab, Jhelum.
@MalikSir
▪️ Length - 2880Km of which 709Km in India.
▪️ Originates - From Bokhar chu(Glacier) in northern slope of Mt. Kailash.
▪️ It enters India near Damchok.
▪️ Flows in India through the Leh district in J&K only.
▪️ Enters Pakistan near Chillar in the Dardistan region.
▪️ Important Tributaries :-
Right bank - Shyok, Gilgit, Nubra, Kabul.
Left bank - Zaskar, satluj, beas, ravi, chenab, Jhelum.
@MalikSir
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🔆Ganga River
▪️The Ganga originates as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri glacier in Uttar Kashi District of Uttarakhand at an elevation of 7,010 m.
▪️Alaknanda River joins Bhagirathi at Devaprayag.
▪️From Devapryag the river is called as Ganga.
@MalikSir
▪️The Ganga originates as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri glacier in Uttar Kashi District of Uttarakhand at an elevation of 7,010 m.
▪️Alaknanda River joins Bhagirathi at Devaprayag.
▪️From Devapryag the river is called as Ganga.
@MalikSir
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🔆 IST Line passes through 5 states
Trick- UP in COMA☺
✅️Uttar Pradesh
✅️Chhattisgarh
✅️Odisha
✅️Madhya Pradesh
✅️Andhra Pradesh
@MalikSir
Trick- UP in COMA☺
✅️Uttar Pradesh
✅️Chhattisgarh
✅️Odisha
✅️Madhya Pradesh
✅️Andhra Pradesh
@MalikSir
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✅ IMPORTANT HILLS
✓ Nilgiri hills- Tamil Nadu
✓Chali hill -Himachal Pradesh
✓ Matheran Hill Station -Maharastra
✓ Daringbad hill station-Odisha
✓ Amarkantak hill - Madhya Pradesh
✓ Barmura hill -Tripura
✓ Girnar Hill -Gujarat
✓ Satmala Hill --Maharasthra
✓Patkai Bum hills -Arunachal Pradesh
✓ Kudagu hills -Karnataka
✓ Darjeeling Hills --West Bengal Place of the thunderbolt
✓Gawilgarh Hills – Maharashtra
✓Harischandra Range - Maharashtra
✓Rajmahal Hills – Jharkhand
✓Garhjat Hills – Odisha
✓Sirumalai Hills – Tamil Nadu
✓Seshachalam Hills – Andhra Pradesh
✓Varusanadu Hills - Tamil Nadu
@MalikSir
✓ Nilgiri hills- Tamil Nadu
✓Chali hill -Himachal Pradesh
✓ Matheran Hill Station -Maharastra
✓ Daringbad hill station-Odisha
✓ Amarkantak hill - Madhya Pradesh
✓ Barmura hill -Tripura
✓ Girnar Hill -Gujarat
✓ Satmala Hill --Maharasthra
✓Patkai Bum hills -Arunachal Pradesh
✓ Kudagu hills -Karnataka
✓ Darjeeling Hills --West Bengal Place of the thunderbolt
✓Gawilgarh Hills – Maharashtra
✓Harischandra Range - Maharashtra
✓Rajmahal Hills – Jharkhand
✓Garhjat Hills – Odisha
✓Sirumalai Hills – Tamil Nadu
✓Seshachalam Hills – Andhra Pradesh
✓Varusanadu Hills - Tamil Nadu
@MalikSir
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