Tools Every AI Engineer Should Know

1. Data Science Tools
Python: Preferred language with libraries like NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-learn.
R: Ideal for statistical analysis and data visualization.
Jupyter Notebook: Interactive coding environment for Python and R.
MATLAB: Used for mathematical modeling and algorithm development.
RapidMiner: Drag-and-drop platform for machine learning workflows.
KNIME: Open-source analytics platform for data integration and analysis.

2. Machine Learning Tools
Scikit-learn: Comprehensive library for traditional ML algorithms.
XGBoost & LightGBM: Specialized tools for gradient boosting.
TensorFlow: Open-source framework for ML and DL.
PyTorch: Popular DL framework with a dynamic computation graph.
H2O.ai: Scalable platform for ML and AutoML.
Auto-sklearn: AutoML for automating the ML pipeline.

3. Deep Learning Tools
Keras: User-friendly high-level API for building neural networks.
PyTorch: Excellent for research and production in DL.
TensorFlow: Versatile for both research and deployment.
ONNX: Open format for model interoperability.
OpenCV: For image processing and computer vision.
Hugging Face: Focused on natural language processing.

4. Data Engineering Tools
Apache Hadoop: Framework for distributed storage and processing.
Apache Spark: Fast cluster-computing framework.
Kafka: Distributed streaming platform.
Airflow: Workflow automation tool.
Fivetran: ETL tool for data integration.
dbt: Data transformation tool using SQL.

5. Data Visualization Tools
Tableau: Drag-and-drop BI tool for interactive dashboards.
Power BI: Microsoft’s BI platform for data analysis and visualization.
Matplotlib & Seaborn: Python libraries for static and interactive plots.
Plotly: Interactive plotting library with Dash for web apps.
D3.js: JavaScript library for creating dynamic web visualizations.

6. Cloud Platforms
AWS: Services like SageMaker for ML model building.
Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Tools like BigQuery and AutoML.
Microsoft Azure: Azure ML Studio for ML workflows.
IBM Watson: AI platform for custom model development.

7. Version Control and Collaboration Tools
Git: Version control system.
GitHub/GitLab: Platforms for code sharing and collaboration.
Bitbucket: Version control for teams.

8. Other Essential Tools
Docker: For containerizing applications.
Kubernetes: Orchestration of containerized applications.
MLflow: Experiment tracking and deployment.
Weights & Biases (W&B): Experiment tracking and collaboration.
Pandas Profiling: Automated data profiling.
BigQuery/Athena: Serverless data warehousing tools.
Mastering these tools will ensure you are well-equipped to handle various challenges across the AI lifecycle.

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Some essential concepts every data scientist should understand:

### 1. Statistics and Probability
- Purpose: Understanding data distributions and making inferences.
- Core Concepts: Descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode), inferential statistics, probability distributions (normal, binomial), hypothesis testing, p-values, confidence intervals.

### 2. Programming Languages
- Purpose: Implementing data analysis and machine learning algorithms.
- Popular Languages: Python, R.
- Libraries: NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-learn (Python), dplyr, ggplot2 (R).

### 3. Data Wrangling
- Purpose: Cleaning and transforming raw data into a usable format.
- Techniques: Handling missing values, data normalization, feature engineering, data aggregation.

### 4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
- Purpose: Summarizing the main characteristics of a dataset, often using visual methods.
- Tools: Matplotlib, Seaborn (Python), ggplot2 (R).
- Techniques: Histograms, scatter plots, box plots, correlation matrices.

### 5. Machine Learning
- Purpose: Building models to make predictions or find patterns in data.
- Core Concepts: Supervised learning (regression, classification), unsupervised learning (clustering, dimensionality reduction), model evaluation (accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score).
- Algorithms: Linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, k-means clustering, principal component analysis (PCA).

### 6. Deep Learning
- Purpose: Advanced machine learning techniques using neural networks.
- Core Concepts: Neural networks, backpropagation, activation functions, overfitting, dropout.
- Frameworks: TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch.

### 7. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- Purpose: Analyzing and modeling textual data.
- Core Concepts: Tokenization, stemming, lemmatization, TF-IDF, word embeddings.
- Techniques: Sentiment analysis, topic modeling, named entity recognition (NER).

### 8. Data Visualization
- Purpose: Communicating insights through graphical representations.
- Tools: Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly (Python), ggplot2, Shiny (R), Tableau.
- Techniques: Bar charts, line graphs, heatmaps, interactive dashboards.

### 9. Big Data Technologies
- Purpose: Handling and analyzing large volumes of data.
- Technologies: Hadoop, Spark.
- Core Concepts: Distributed computing, MapReduce, parallel processing.

### 10. Databases
- Purpose: Storing and retrieving data efficiently.
- Types: SQL databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL), NoSQL databases (MongoDB, Cassandra).
- Core Concepts: Querying, indexing, normalization, transactions.

### 11. Time Series Analysis
- Purpose: Analyzing data points collected or recorded at specific time intervals.
- Core Concepts: Trend analysis, seasonal decomposition, ARIMA models, exponential smoothing.

### 12. Model Deployment and Productionization
- Purpose: Integrating machine learning models into production environments.
- Techniques: API development, containerization (Docker), model serving (Flask, FastAPI).
- Tools: MLflow, TensorFlow Serving, Kubernetes.

### 13. Data Ethics and Privacy
- Purpose: Ensuring ethical use and privacy of data.
- Core Concepts: Bias in data, ethical considerations, data anonymization, GDPR compliance.

### 14. Business Acumen
- Purpose: Aligning data science projects with business goals.
- Core Concepts: Understanding key performance indicators (KPIs), domain knowledge, stakeholder communication.

### 15. Collaboration and Version Control
- Purpose: Managing code changes and collaborative work.
- Tools: Git, GitHub, GitLab.
- Practices: Version control, code reviews, collaborative development.

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🚀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗜 𝗝𝗼𝗯 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗽𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟱 𝗔 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗘𝗿𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝗢𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀.

AI is not just creating new technologies — it’s creating entirely new career paths.

Whether you're just starting out or leading major tech initiatives, 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗮 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗜.

Here’s how the career progression is shaping up:

🟢 𝗘𝗻𝘁𝗿𝘆-𝗟𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹 (𝟬–𝟭 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀):

Roles like 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗽𝘁 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿 and 𝗔𝗜 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿 didn't even exist a few years ago. Today, they’re entry points for anyone eager to step into the AI world — often without a deep technical background.

🟡 𝗠𝗶𝗱-𝗟𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹 (𝟭–𝟯 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀):

As you build experience, positions like 𝗔𝗜 𝗦𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁 and 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗩𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿 demand a strong understanding of both AI theory and practical deployment.

🟠 𝗦𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗿-𝗟𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹 (𝟯–𝟭𝟬 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀):

AI is maturing, and so are the demands. Roles like 𝗠𝗟 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿 and 𝗡𝗟𝗣 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿 require deep specialization — blending software engineering, data science, and domain knowledge.

🔴 𝗘𝘅𝗲𝗰𝘂𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲-𝗟𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹 (𝟭𝟬+ 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀):

Leadership roles like 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗔𝗜 𝗢𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲𝗿 and 𝗔𝗜 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗴𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿
are now critical in shaping how organizations leverage AI ethically and effectively.

✅ 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗴 𝗦𝗵𝗶𝗳𝘁:

The era where AI jobs were only for PhDs is over.
Now, AI welcomes a wide range of skills: communication, strategy, ethics, creative problem-solving — and yes, technical know-how too.

⚡️ Stanford Released a Free Course on Language Modeling from Scratch

The university is currently teaching CS336: Language Modeling from Scratch - and uploading the full course to YouTube for everyone in real time.

Here’s why it’s a big deal:

• Anyone can learn to build their own language models from zero - completely free
• Full course: from architecture and tokenizers to RL training and scaling
• Explained step-by-step, beginner-friendly (even if you’re new to coding)
• Each lecture includes extra reading, assignments, and slides

📚 Course site: https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs336
▶️ YouTube playlist: Watch here

This is a class from Harvard University:

"Introduction to Data Science with Python."

It's free. You should be familiar with Python to take this course.

The course is for beginners. It's for those who want to build a fundamental understanding of machine learning and artificial intelligence.

It covers some of these topics:

• Generalization and overfitting
• Model building, regularization, and evaluation
• Linear and logistic regression models
• k-Nearest Neighbor
• Scikit-Learn, NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib

Link: https://pll.harvard.edu/course/introduction-data-science-python

Useful AI Algorithms with usecases

Key Concepts for Data Science Interviews

1. Data Cleaning and Preprocessing: Master techniques for cleaning, transforming, and preparing data for analysis, including handling missing data, outlier detection, data normalization, and feature engineering.

2. Statistics and Probability: Have a solid understanding of descriptive and inferential statistics, including distributions, hypothesis testing, p-values, confidence intervals, and Bayesian probability.

3. Linear Algebra and Calculus: Understand the mathematical foundations of data science, including matrix operations, eigenvalues, derivatives, and gradients, which are essential for algorithms like PCA and gradient descent.

4. Machine Learning Algorithms: Know the fundamentals of machine learning, including supervised and unsupervised learning. Be familiar with key algorithms like linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, SVMs, and k-means clustering.

5. Model Evaluation and Validation: Learn how to evaluate model performance using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, ROC-AUC, and confusion matrices. Understand techniques like cross-validation and overfitting prevention.

6. Feature Engineering: Develop the ability to create meaningful features from raw data that improve model performance. This includes encoding categorical variables, scaling features, and creating interaction terms.

7. Deep Learning: Understand the basics of neural networks and deep learning. Familiarize yourself with architectures like CNNs, RNNs, and frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch.

8. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Learn key NLP techniques such as tokenization, stemming, lemmatization, and sentiment analysis. Understand the use of models like BERT, Word2Vec, and LSTM for text data.

9. Big Data Technologies: Gain knowledge of big data frameworks and tools like Hadoop, Spark, and NoSQL databases that are used to process large datasets efficiently.

10. Data Visualization and Storytelling: Develop the ability to create compelling visualizations using tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau. Practice conveying your data findings clearly to both technical and non-technical audiences through visual storytelling.

11. Python and R: Be proficient in Python and R for data manipulation, analysis, and model building. Familiarity with libraries like Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn, and tidyverse is essential.

12. Domain Knowledge: Develop a deep understanding of the specific industry or domain you're working in, as this context helps you make more informed decisions during the data analysis and modeling process.

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10 Must-Know Python Libraries for LLMs in 2025

1. Hugging Face Transformers
Best for: Pre-trained LLMs, fine-tuning, inference

2. LangChain
Best for: LLM-powered apps, chatbots, AI agents

3. SpaCy
Best for: Tokenization, named entity recognition (NER), dependency parsing

4. Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)
Best for: Linguistic analysis, tokenization, POS tagging

5. SentenceTransformers
Best for: Semantic search, similarity, clustering

6. FastText
Best for: Word embeddings, text classification

7. Gensim
Best for: Word2Vec, topic modeling, document embeddings

8. Stanza
Best for: Named entity recognition (NER), POS tagging

9. TextBlob
Best for: Sentiment analysis, POS tagging, text processing

10. Polyglot
Best for: Multi-language NLP, named entity recognition, word embeddings

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Prompt Engineering in itself does not warrant a separate job.

Most of the things you see online related to prompts (especially things said by people selling courses) is mostly just writing some crazy text to get ChatGPT to do some specific task. Most of these prompts are just been found by serendipity and are never used in any company. They may be fine for personal usage but no company is going to pay a person to try out prompts 😅. Also a lot of these prompts don't work for any other LLMs apart from ChatGPT.

You have mostly two types of jobs in this field nowadays, one is more focused on training, optimizing and deploying models. For this knowing the architecture of LLMs is critical and a strong background in PyTorch, Jax and HuggingFace is required. Other engineering skills like System Design and building APIs is also important for some jobs. This is the work you would find in companies like OpenAI, Anthropic, Cohere etc.

The other is jobs where you build applications using LLMs (this comprises of majority of the companies that do LLM related work nowadays, both product based and service based). Roles in these companies are called Applied NLP Engineer or ML Engineer, sometimes even Data Scientist roles. For this you mostly need to understand how LLMs can be used for different applications as well as know the necessary frameworks for building LLM applications (Langchain/LlamaIndex/Haystack). Apart from this, you need to know LLM specific techniques for applications like Vector Search, RAG, Structured Text Generation. This is also where some part of your role involves prompt engineering. Its not the most crucial bit, but it is important in some cases, especially when you are limited in the other techniques.

For those who feel like they're not learning much and feeling demotivated. You should definitely read these lines from one of the book by Andrew Ng 👇

No one can cram everything they need to know over a weekend or even a month. Everyone I
know who’s great at machine learning is a lifelong learner. Given how quickly our field is changing,
there’s little choice but to keep learning if you want to keep up.
How can you maintain a steady pace of learning for years? If you can cultivate the habit of
learning a little bit every week, you can make significant progress with what feels like less effort.

Everyday it gets easier but you need to do it everyday ❤️

ML Algorithms 💪

Trending tech stacks in 2025 👇👇

1. Frontend Development:
   - React.js: Known for its component-based architecture and strong community support.
   - Vue.js: Valued for its simplicity and flexibility in building user interfaces.
   - Angular: Still widely used, especially in enterprise applications.

2. Backend Development:
   - Node.js: Popular for building scalable and fast network applications using JavaScript.
   - Django: Preferred for its rapid development capabilities and robust security features.
   - Spring Boot: Widely used in Java-based applications for its ease of use and integration capabilities.

3. Mobile Development:
   - Flutter: Known for building natively compiled applications for mobile, web, and desktop from a single codebase.
   - React Native: Continues to be popular for building cross-platform applications with native capabilities.

4. Cloud Computing and DevOps:
   - AWS (Amazon Web Services), Azure, Google Cloud: Leading cloud service providers offering extensive services for computing, storage, and networking.
   - Docker and Kubernetes: Essential for containerization and orchestration of applications in a cloud-native environment.
   - Terraform: Infrastructure as code tool for managing and provisioning cloud infrastructure.

5. Data Science and Machine Learning:
   - Python: Dominant language for data science and machine learning, with libraries like NumPy, Pandas, and Scikit-learn.
   - TensorFlow and PyTorch: Leading frameworks for building and training machine learning models.
   - Apache Spark: Used for big data processing and analytics.

6. Cybersecurity:
   - SIEM Tools (Security Information and Event Management): Such as Splunk and ELK Stack, crucial for monitoring and managing security incidents.
   - Zero Trust Architecture: A security model that eliminates the idea of trust based on network location.

7. Blockchain and Cryptocurrency:
   - Ethereum: A blockchain platform supporting smart contracts and decentralized applications.
   - Hyperledger Fabric: Framework for developing permissioned, blockchain-based applications.

8. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP):
   - GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) Models: Such as GPT-4, used for various natural language understanding tasks.
   - Computer Vision: Frameworks like OpenCV for image and video processing tasks.

9. Edge Computing and IoT (Internet of Things):
   - Edge Computing: Technologies that bring computation and data storage closer to the location where it is needed.
   - IoT Platforms: Such as AWS IoT, Azure IoT Hub, offering capabilities for managing and securing IoT devices and data.

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ML Engineer vs AI Engineer

ML Engineer / MLOps

-Focuses on the deployment of machine learning models.
-Bridges the gap between data scientists and production environments.
-Designing and implementing machine learning models into production.
-Automating and orchestrating ML workflows and pipelines.
-Ensuring reproducibility, scalability, and reliability of ML models.
-Programming: Python, R, Java
-Libraries: TensorFlow, PyTorch, Scikit-learn
-MLOps: MLflow, Kubeflow, Docker, Kubernetes, Git, Jenkins, CI/CD tools

AI Engineer / Developer

- Applying AI techniques to solve specific problems.
- Deep knowledge of AI algorithms and their applications.
- Developing and implementing AI models and systems.
- Building and integrating AI solutions into existing applications.
- Collaborating with cross-functional teams to understand requirements and deliver AI-powered solutions.
- Programming: Python, Java, C++
- Libraries: TensorFlow, PyTorch, Keras, OpenCV
- Frameworks: ONNX, Hugging Face

Several future trends in artificial intelligence (AI) are expected to significantly impact the current job market. Here are some key trends to consider:

1. AI Automation and Robotics: AI-driven automation and robotics are likely to replace certain repetitive and routine tasks across various industries. This can lead to a shift in the types of jobs available and the skills required for the workforce.

2. Augmented Intelligence: Rather than fully replacing human workers, AI is expected to augment human capabilities in many roles, leading to the creation of new types of jobs that require a combination of human and AI skills.

3. AI in Healthcare: The healthcare industry is likely to see significant changes due to AI, with the potential for improved diagnostics, personalized treatment plans, and more efficient healthcare delivery. This could create new opportunities for healthcare professionals with AI expertise.

4. AI in Customer Service: AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants are already transforming customer service, and this trend is expected to continue. Jobs in customer service may evolve to focus more on complex problem-solving and emotional intelligence, as routine tasks are automated.

5. Data Science and AI: The demand for data scientists, machine learning engineers, and AI specialists is expected to grow as organizations seek to leverage AI for data analysis, predictive modeling, and decision-making.

6. AI Ethics and Governance: As AI becomes more pervasive, there will be an increased need for professionals specializing in AI ethics, governance, and regulation to ensure responsible and ethical use of AI technologies.

7. Reskilling and Upskilling: With the evolving nature of jobs due to AI, there will be a growing need for reskilling and upskilling programs to help workers adapt to new technologies and roles.

8. Cybersecurity and AI: As AI systems become more integrated into critical infrastructure and business operations, there will be a growing demand for cybersecurity professionals with expertise in AI-based threat detection and defense.

Overall, the rise of AI is expected to bring both challenges and opportunities to the job market, requiring individuals and organizations to adapt to the changing landscape of work and skills.

🔍 Machine Learning Cheat Sheet 🔍

1. Key Concepts:
- Supervised Learning: Learn from labeled data (e.g., classification, regression).
- Unsupervised Learning: Discover patterns in unlabeled data (e.g., clustering, dimensionality reduction).
- Reinforcement Learning: Learn by interacting with an environment to maximize reward.

2. Common Algorithms:
- Linear Regression: Predict continuous values.
- Logistic Regression: Binary classification.
- Decision Trees: Simple, interpretable model for classification and regression.
- Random Forests: Ensemble method for improved accuracy.
- Support Vector Machines: Effective for high-dimensional spaces.
- K-Nearest Neighbors: Instance-based learning for classification/regression.
- K-Means: Clustering algorithm.
- Principal Component Analysis(PCA)

3. Performance Metrics:
- Classification: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score, ROC-AUC.
- Regression: Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), R^2 Score.

4. Data Preprocessing:
- Normalization: Scale features to a standard range.
- Standardization: Transform features to have zero mean and unit variance.
- Imputation: Handle missing data.
- Encoding: Convert categorical data into numerical format.

5. Model Evaluation:
- Cross-Validation: Ensure model generalization.
- Train-Test Split: Divide data to evaluate model performance.

6. Libraries:
- Python: Scikit-Learn, TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, Pandas, Numpy, Matplotlib.
- R: caret, randomForest, e1071, ggplot2.

7. Tips for Success:
- Feature Engineering: Enhance data quality and relevance.
- Hyperparameter Tuning: Optimize model parameters (Grid Search, Random Search).
- Model Interpretability: Use tools like SHAP and LIME.
- Continuous Learning: Stay updated with the latest research and trends.

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Python Interview Questions for Freshers🧠👨‍💻


1. What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. Being a general-purpose language, it can be used to build almost any type of application with the right tools/libraries. Additionally, python supports objects, modules, threads, exception-handling, and automatic memory management which help in modeling real-world problems and building applications to solve these problems.

2. What are the benefits of using Python?
Python is a general-purpose programming language that has a simple, easy-to-learn syntax that emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. Moreover, the language is capable of scripting, is completely open-source, and supports third-party packages encouraging modularity and code reuse.
Its high-level data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, attract a huge community of developers for Rapid Application Development and deployment.

3. What is a dynamically typed language?
Before we understand a dynamically typed language, we should learn about what typing is. Typing refers to type-checking in programming languages. In a strongly-typed language, such as Python, "1" + 2 will result in a type error since these languages don't allow for "type-coercion" (implicit conversion of data types). On the other hand, a weakly-typed language, such as Javascript, will simply output "12" as result.

Type-checking can be done at two stages -

Static - Data Types are checked before execution.
Dynamic - Data Types are checked during execution.
Python is an interpreted language, executes each statement line by line and thus type-checking is done on the fly, during execution. Hence, Python is a Dynamically Typed Language.

4. What is an Interpreted language?
An Interpreted language executes its statements line by line. Languages such as Python, Javascript, R, PHP, and Ruby are prime examples of Interpreted languages. Programs written in an interpreted language runs directly from the source code, with no intermediary compilation step.

5. What is PEP 8 and why is it important?
PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is an official design document providing information to the Python community, or describing a new feature for Python or its processes. PEP 8 is especially important since it documents the style guidelines for Python Code. Apparently contributing to the Python open-source community requires you to follow these style guidelines sincerely and strictly.

6. What is Scope in Python?
Every object in Python functions within a scope. A scope is a block of code where an object in Python remains relevant. Namespaces uniquely identify all the objects inside a program. However, these namespaces also have a scope defined for them where you could use their objects without any prefix. A few examples of scope created during code execution in Python are as follows:

A local scope refers to the local objects available in the current function.
A global scope refers to the objects available throughout the code execution since their inception.
A module-level scope refers to the global objects of the current module accessible in the program.
An outermost scope refers to all the built-in names callable in the program. The objects in this scope are searched last to find the name referenced.
Note: Local scope objects can be synced with global scope objects using keywords such as global.

ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍