🔰 People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India (2003) 🔰

Citation: (2003) 4 SCC 399

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🗞 Brief Facts

Petitioner challenged custodial deaths and illegal detention of prisoners.

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🗞 Issues

Whether right to life (Article 21) includes protection against custodial violence.

Scope of judicial intervention in human rights violations.

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🗞 Judgment

Supreme Court held:

⚖️ Citizens have right to protection from arbitrary detention and custodial death.

⚖️ Directed strict enforcement of police accountability.

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🗞 Significance

Landmark for human rights and custodial justice.

Strengthened PIL as a tool to protect vulnerable populations.

🔰 Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India (1984) 🔰

Citation: AIR 1984 SC 802

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📰 Brief Facts

Petition filed for rescued bonded laborers exploited in factories and mines.

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📰 Issues

Whether bonded labor violates Articles 21, 23 (prohibition of forced labor).

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📰 Judgment

Supreme Court held:

⚖️ Bonded labor is illegal and unconstitutional.

⚖️ Courts can intervene to rescue, rehabilitate and compensate victims.

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📰 Significance

Landmark for labor rights and human dignity.

Expanded PIL scope to protect marginalized workers.

🔰 Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985) 🔰

Citation: 1985 SCC (3) 545

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📓 Brief Facts

Pavement dwellers in Mumbai faced eviction without rehabilitation.

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📓 Issues

Whether eviction violates Right to Life (Article 21) and livelihood rights.

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📓 Judgment

Supreme Court held:

⚖️ Right to livelihood is integral to Article 21.

⚖️ Eviction without due notice and rehabilitation is unconstitutional.

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📓 Significance

Recognized economic rights as part of fundamental rights.

Paved way for urban housing and slum rehabilitation policies.

🔰 Right to Education Cases – Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993) 🔰

Citation: (1993) 1 SCC 645

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📔 Brief Facts

Petition challenged unaided private schools charging high fees, limiting access to poor children.

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📔 Issues

Does Right to Education form part of Article 21 (Right to Life)?

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📔 Judgment

Supreme Court held:

⚖️ Free and compulsory education is a fundamental right under Article 21.

⚖️ Private schools may exist but must be regulated for equity and access.

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📔 Significance

Foundation for Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009.

🔰 Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (Sabarimala, 2018) 🔰

Citation: (2019) 11 SCC 1

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📒 Brief Facts

Women aged 10–50 were banned from entering Sabarimala temple.

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📒 Issues

Whether ban violates Articles 14 (Equality), 15 (Non-discrimination), 25 (Freedom of Religion).

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📒 Judgment

Supreme Court held:

⚖️ Ban violates constitutional morality and equality.

⚖️ Freedom of religion cannot override fundamental rights.

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📒 Significance

Landmark for gender equality over religious practice.

🔰 Central Bureau of Investigation v. CBI Officers Association (2019) – Anti-Corruption 🔰

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📕 Brief Facts

Case on independence and accountability of investigative agencies, especially CBI.

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📕 Issues

Whether government interference violates rule of law and impartiality.

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📕 Judgment

Supreme Court emphasised:

⚖️ Autonomy and impartiality of investigative agencies are essential for constitutional governance.

⚖️ Appointments, transfers and removal must follow transparent process.

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📕 Significance

Strengthened anti-corruption institutional integrity.

Ensured CBI independence from executive interference.

🔰 MC Mehta v. Union of India (Oleum Gas Leak Case, 1987) 🔰

Citation: AIR 1987 SC 1086

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📗 Brief Facts

Gas leak from Oleum plant endangered public health.

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📗 Issues

Whether plant owners are liable for hazardous industrial activity.

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📗 Judgment

⚖️ Supreme Court introduced absolute liability:

⚖️ Hazardous industries are strictly liable for accidents.

⚖️ No exceptions for acts of God, employee negligence or third parties.

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📗 Significance

Landmark in environmental and industrial safety law.

Strengthened public health and safety protections.

🔰 India Today Group v. Union of India (PIL – Right to Information) 🔰

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📘 Brief Facts

Petition sought access to government-held information under PIL framework.

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📘 Issues

Whether citizens have right to access information affecting governance.

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📘 Judgment

Supreme Court held that:

⚖️ Right to information is part of Right to Freedom of Speech and Article 21.

⚖️ Government transparency is essential in a democracy.

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📘 Significance

Basis for RTI Act, 2005.

Strengthened accountability and transparency in governance.