Mountaineering helps make your feet, heart and lungs stronger and healthier. It easy to find that people get old because their feet become old first. If your feet are strong and walk a long distance, you won’t easily get old. Climbing the mountain can make your feet strong. When climbing the mountain, you usually shake the muscles on your arms, waist, back and neck, and this can create a faster metabolism and make your heart and lungs stronger. In addition, this activity can make you become thinner if you are really fat.
Mountaineering can forge a strong will. It is indeed a tiring job walking up and down the mountain peaks. However, when you conquer mountain peak after mountain peak, you will feel extremely excited, happy and satisfied. This feel is quite good!

mountaineering - альпинизм
lungs - легкие
distance - расстояние
muscles - мышцы
waist - талия
metabolism - метаболизм
forge - выковать
strong will - сила воли
conquer - завоевывать
satisfied - удовлетворенный


#elementary

Pain is an unpleasant feeling, causing a reaction to protect the part that is painful. Everyone who has experienced pain knows what it is, but everyone’s pain is different. Many different factors affect an individual’s experience of pain and the exact contributors to pain are also different between individuals and between situations.
Pain is one way our body’s protective systems keep us safe. Danger detectors in the body send information to the brain, which may or may not create pain based on all the other information available, as well as previous experiences.
Danger detectors signal when tissue is approaching its safe limit, so most pain prevents tissue damage. When tissue is damaged, danger detectors become much more sensitive. Psychological and social factors, as well as past experiences, can powerfully influence pain by complex mechanisms in the brain.

affect - влиять
contributors - участники
available - доступный
tissue - ткань
prevent - предотвращать
psychological - психологический


#intermediate

Post-it Notes are one of the world’s favorite office supplies. Here’s a little fact about those sticky notes that might shock you though: They were invented by accident. That’s right. If it wasn’t for a simple mistake made by 3M researcher Spencer Silver, the Post-it Note might not be used in more than 150 countries today.
Sticky notes can be purchased in more than 25 shapes and 60+ colors.
Plus, sticky notes are now fully customizable. Pads can be shaped in just about any shape – from a schoolhouse, to a golf ball and everything in between – and they’re commonly printed with fully personalized business messages. That’s why custom Post-it Notes make great promotional gifts and they’re widely used for marketing purposes.

office supplies - офисные принадлежности
by accident - случайно
researcher - исследователь
be purchased - быть купленным
customizable - настраиваемый
schoolhouse - здание школы
promotional - рекламный


#intermediate

An empire is a state or group of states under the authority of a single ruler, or in some cases, a small group of people, with a small group of people being known as an oligarchy. Not always, but oftentimes, the states or areas within the empire are diverse and are composed of people of different languages, races, cultures, etc.
The male ruler of an empire is often called an emperor, while the female ruler of an empire is often called an empress. However, sometimes other titles are used. King and queen, of course, are some of the most common, but there are others.
We tend to think of empires as large, and throughout history, many have been large; however, the size of an empire can vary. Typically, an empire begins with a central state that absorbs other states and territories.

empire  - империя
oligarchy - олигархия
diverse - разнообразный
emperor - император
empress - императрица
vary - отличаться
absorb - поглощать


#intermediate

Elephants live mainly in forests and grasslands in warm areas. African elephants live in Africa. The Asian elephant lives in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Elephants migrate, or travel, in search of food. They eat only plants, including grasses. They often rest during the hottest hours of the day. They lie down to sleep for only a few hours at night.
Humans have used elephants for transportation and as work animals since ancient times. People in Asia still use elephants for these purposes today. In addition, trained elephants appear in circuses throughout the world. However, human activities have endangered the survival of wild elephants. Humans have destroyed many elephant habitats.

forest - лес
grassland - пастбище, луг
migrate - мигрировать
grasses - травы
transportation - транспортировка
ancient times - древние времена
purpose - цель
throughout - по всему
endanger - подвергать опасности
survival - выживание
habitat - среда обитания


#elementary

Boomerang, curved throwing stick used chiefly by the Aboriginals of Australia for hunting and warfare. Boomerangs are also works of art, and Aboriginals often paint or carve designs on them related to legends and traditions.
Returning boomerangs were used only in eastern and western Australia as playthings, in tournament competition, and by hunters to imitate hawks for driving flocks of game birds into nets strung from trees.
The nonreturning boomerang is longer, straighter, and heavier than the returning variety. With it animals were maimed and killed, while in warfare it caused serious injuries and death. Boomerang-shaped, nonreturning weapons were used by the ancient Egyptians, by Native Americans of California and Arizona, and in southern India for killing birds, rabbits, and other animals.

chiefly - главным образом
Aboriginals - аборигены
warfare - война
hawk - ястреб
flock - стая, стадо
strung - натянутый
maimed - искалеченный


#advanced

In America pizza usually falls into two categories: thick and cheesy Chicago style or thin and more traditional New York pizza. In Italy pizza also falls into two distinct categories: Italian pizza and the rest of the world. It might seem silly considering the basic ingredients, but one taste of a true Italian pizza and that’s it.
Pizza in its most basic form as a seasoned flatbread has a long history in the Mediterranean. Several cultures including the Greeks and Phoenicians ate flatbread made from flour and water. The dough would be cooked by placing it on a hot stone and then seasoned with herbs. The Greeks called this early pizza plankuntos and it was basically used as an edible plate when eating stews or thick broth. It was not yet what we would call pizza today but it was very much like modern focaccia.

distinct - отдельный
considering - учитывая
seasoned flatbread - приправленная лепешка
Phoenicians - финикийцы
dough - тесто
herbs - травы
edible - съедобный
broth - бульон


#elementary

Autumn is one of the four Earth’s seasons, that goes after summer and foreshadows winter. This season also can be called as Fall and it is about big changes in nature and environment.
Autumn means a lot of fun and outdoors activities. It brings different colors to the people’s life – yellow, red, orange, brown and more. The temperature becomes colder, days shorter. Animals starting preparation for cold months and plants stop making food, everything in the nature slowly starting to fall asleep.
Temperatures become cooler, in some regions you should be ready even for hurricanes and Autumn season is mostly about rainfalls. But, of course, the main sign of Fall is when leaves start to change their color and everything automatically becomes more magnificent and beautiful.

foreshadow - предвещать
environment - окружающая среда
preparation - подготовка
hurricane - ураган
rainfalls - ливень
magnificent - великолепный


#elementary

Police detectives, also called criminal investigators, investigate crimes such as arson, homicide, robbery, vandalism, fraud, burglary, and assault. They interview witnesses and victims, gather evidence, prepare search and arrest warrants, question suspects, make arrests, and when necessary, testify in court.
There are specialized police detectives for every type of crime. For example, police detectives can specialize in fraud, white-collar crime, burglary, homicide, sex crimes, narcotics, vice, etc. Detective positions are either promotions or lateral transfers from within the police department, therefore a police detective is required to first work as a police officer for at least two to three years, usually in the patrol division, before applying to be a detective in a special unit.

criminal investigator - следователь по уголовным
делам
arson - поджог
homicide - убийство
fraud - мошенничество
assault - нападение
warrant - ордер
suspects - подозреваемые
testify - свидетельствовать


#advanced

While it may seem like dust materialises out of thin air, that’s not actually the case.
In most homes, household dust levels will naturally be high because of four main sources.
Those are: tracked-in dirt, human skin cells, pet dander, and fabric fibres.
Tracked-in dirt: Every time you step outside, you bring in a few particles of dirt on your shoes.
Over time, all of that tracked-in dirt can add up to a significant amount of dust in your homes air.
Human skin cells: We shed millions of skin cells every day-enough to fill an entire pillowcase over the course of a year!
Pet Dander: Pet dander is what causes additional dust in homes with animals. It’s made up of small bits of skin shed by pets with fur or feathers such as cats, dogs, rodents and birds.
Fabric fibres: Clothes, carpets, drapes, and other fabrics are made of tiny fibres that can easily become airborne.

materialise - материализоваться
dander - перхоть
shed - терять
additional - дополнительный
rodents - грызуны
drapes - портьеры


#intermediate