В какой стране Европы официальный язык — арабский

Чисто технически, конечно, в нынешних странах Евросоюза много народу говорит по-арабски. В основном, это всякого рода беженцы из Северной Африки (Франция, привет!). Однако ни в одной из этих стран арабский язык не является официальным и государственным. Хотя вроде дело к тому идёт :-)

Но в замечательном Средиземном море есть не менее замечательное островное государство — Мальта. И как раз там арабский язык (наряду с английским) является государственным. Причём в первую очередь! А английский — во вторую, скорее.

Как же так получилось?

Как всегда, придётся окунуться немного в историю, чтобы разобраться в вопросе.

Надо сказать, что Мальтийский архипелаг, состоящий из о. Мальта, о. Гоцо и нескольких других островов поменьше, издавна привлекал к себе народ. А именно завоевателей.

Оно и понятно: эти острова находятся в очень привлекательном месте, на перепутье морских путей, соединяющих Европу, Азию и Африку. Очень удобный логистический центр, как сейчас бы сказали. К тому же там климат прекрасный! Правда, на Мальте отсутствуют источники пресной воды. Сейчас-то это не проблема, есть опреснительные установки. А вот как её решали в древности, честно говоря, не в курсе... Видимо, просто завозили с ближайшей Сицилии. За звонкую монету, естественно.

Первые известные колонизаторы Мальты — это финикийцы. Древний народ-мореплаватель, живший на берегу Средиземного моря примерно на территории нынешнего Ливана. Мальту они заселили в 8 веке до нашей эры. А уж потом, кто там только не бывал! И греки, и карфагеняне, и римляне, и византийцы, и арабы, и норманны, и испанцы, и англичане, в конце концов.

В 16 веке король Испании передал Мальту духовно-рыцарскому ордену иоаннитов, после чего тот стал называться Мальтийским. Наполеон I, завоевавшие острова, взял да и упразднил там орден! После чего российского императора Павла I назначили великим магистром Мальтийского ордена.

В связи с чем государь решил сделать Мальту российской губернией официально, сделать там военно-морскую базу и т.д. Но карты не сошлись! Умер. Точнее, был убит. Мальту заняли англичане и подняли там свой флаг. Ну, а наследники Павла бороться за архипелаг не решились.

И только в 1964 году британцы соблаговолили предоставить мальтийцам независимость. За полтора века их господства, народ там, конечно, начал говорить по-английски. Но арабский никто не забыл!
***
Язык мальтийцев очень похож на диалект арабского языка, на котором говорят в Тунисе. Несмотря на то, что эти два народа хорошо понимают друг друга, было решено выделить мальтийский язык в качестве самостоятельного. Поэтому чисто технически он называется мальтийским, а не арабским. Политика, что вы хотите!

Тут ещё момент: Мальта — это благополучная европейская страна. Что в последние годы привлекает большое количество арабоязычных иммигрантов из Ливии, Марокко, Египта. Им там удобно — чужой язык учить не надо.

С просторов интернета
Ссылка:https://zen.yandex.ru/media/etnofan/v-kakoi-strane-evropy-oficialnyi-iazyk--arabskii-5cef542d3be90a00af768488

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What was the dance performed at Sheikh Hamdan's wedding?

The first to arrive at any wedding are the dancers. The royal wedding party of Dubai Crown Prince, Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed, and his brothers Sheikh Maktoum, Deputy Ruler of Dubai, and Sheikh Ahmed, Chairman of Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Education Foundation, was no exception.

A wedding party begins when chanting fills the air, an invitation to the neighbourhood to join celebrations.

Scores of dancers stood outside Dubai World Trade Centre on Thursday afternoon, lifting their voices and their canes, a signal that the royal wedding had begun.

The dance of choice at most weddings is the ayala, a performed by rows of men swaying side to side, up and down, arm in arm or shoulder to shoulder. An off-kilter tempo is kept by small group of percussionists dancing between them, beating drums and tinging cymbals.

The royal wedding included folk troupes from across the country, with changing rhythms a subtle nod to both maritime and desert traditions.

“A wedding isn’t a wedding with ayala,” said Darwish Mohammed, a senior member of a Dubai ayyala folk troupe, standing outside the World Trade Centre hall. “Right now we’re listening to one from Al Ain and we’ve just performed one from the sea. I grew up in the Zaghaya quarter of Deira and those we sang from the sea I remember from my childhood.”

The poetry chanted in ayala dates back generations. Chants written after the formation of the United Arab Emirates in 1971 are known as harbiya and can include other instruments or synthesised melodics.

Ayala is traditionally performed at weddings, to mark the return from a successful pearl diving season or to celebrate victory in war.

“Some words are for love, some words are to say hello and today we sing songs for Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid,” said Awwadh Khalifa, manager of the Khair bin Al Hai Al Kuwaiti Band. “Today’s ayala is only for marriage. But we have many songs and many words for love. Some lyrics are from UAE, some are coming from Saudi Arabia.”

The Al Ain troupe, led by Mr Khalifa, has a rich repertoire of songs that existed long before the troupe was founded in 1954. But when he discovered that they would perform for Dubai’s three princes, he selected a modern song set to poetry by the father of the grooms, UAE Vice President and Ruler of Dubai and Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid.

From Internet
Source:https://www.thenational.ae/uae/heritage/what-was-the-dance-performed-at-sheikh-hamdan-s-wedding-1.871514

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'Boring' Arabic language teaching in schools to get digital makeover

Private schools are to roll out a new Arabic digital teaching programme to help pupils use aspects of the language in every day life.

Using mobile apps, pupils will be taught common words in a range of topics, including food, sports and exercise.

Global education company Pearson will launch bilArabi in UK and US curriculum schools for pupils from Year One to Year Three this September.

Head teachers said the change in teaching methods would revive interest in learning the language as too often mandatory Arabic classes in schools focus on "boring" texts and a "50-year-old" teaching methodology.

"If you modernise the way Arabic is taught, you inject energy into it," said Dr Hanada Taha Thomure, senior author at bilArabi and an education expert.

“Arabic teachers are not well trained or prepared and they don’t have enough resources to help pupils learn and enjoy the learning process.

"In private schools, pupil's exposure to Arabic is limited and they don’t get immersed in the language.

“This programme will help as it will modernise the teaching of Arabic," she said.

bilArabi combines textbooks, mobile applications and a digital platform to teach Arabic to native speakers and new learners.

The programme introduces pupils to characters that are meant to reflect those found in the UAE classroom where there are children of various nationalities and some with special needs.

Pupils will use the Arabic language to talk about things like how to live a healthy life, how to engage in sports, the importance of helping others, how to be responsible and helping your parents.

Schools can choose whether they adopt the programme for use within school hours or as an extra-curricular activity.

A 2016 Unesco study found that while schoolchildren globally are able to read full-page stories by the end-of-year One, pupils in Gulf countries are only able to read single sentences in Arabic.

And by Year Four, global standards say children can read 800-1,000 words but Gulf pupils are only able to read Arabic texts of between 200 and 300 words.

From Internet
Source:https://www.thenational.ae/uae/education/boring-arabic-language-teaching-in-schools-to-get-digital-makeover-1.816185

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UAE schools urged to teach more Arabic earlier as pupils fall behind

Schools need to dedicate more time for Arabic language classes and return to basic grammar tests if they are to support struggling pupils, an education summit heard.

Researchers highlighted concerns of pupils coming out of school with poor spoken and written skill sets, resulting in a generation of young Arabs not fluent in their mother tongue.

“Whether you like it or not, research shows that Arabic students are not performing as well. For many, their reading of Arabic is a little slower than reading English," said Helen Abadzi, a professor from the University of Texas at Arlington and education specialist at the World Bank for 27 years.

Experts and teachers at the Gulf Comparative Education Society symposium, organised by the Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr Al Qasimi Foundation for Policy Research, on Sunday in Ras Al Khaimah spoke of the vital need to improve the academic achievement of Arab pupils from grade 1.

“Time must be spent in class to regularly practice reading and language comprehension skills so these become automatic," Ms Abadzi said.

"They should systematically learn Arabic grammatical patterns to understand texts instantly."

The UAE has set a goal to rank in the top 20 countries in PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) and the top 15 nations in TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) by 2021.

The government had announced last year that Arabic language education would be given greater importance in private schools with upgraded teacher training and a revised curriculum.

This is part of measures to protect the language, particularly with more Emiratis attending private schools.

One of the reasons that Arab nations score lower in international test assessment scores compared to non-Arab countries, Ms Abadzi said, is due to visual complexities of the Arabic script and a limited command of grammar.

From Internet
Source:https://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-schools-urged-to-teach-more-arabic-earlier-as-pupils-fall-behind-1.719829

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Parents blame video games, TV for declining Arabic skills

Some mothers  say that English language cartoons and online video games have the same effect on their children’s Arabic skills as gorging on fast food has on their physical health.

At least one teacher hopes the return of Arabic exams at primary schools will begin to address the declining levels of proficiency among pupils.

The Government is also rolling out the Bil Arabi initiative to address the issue. It will feature a year-long series of events and activities in the UAE and abroad, encouraging the use of Arabic by pupils and the general public.

For the past few years, public primary schools relied on quizzes and midterm tests instead of official exams to grade pupils, said Rabaa Khalil, an Arabic teacher at Yas School.

This meant they all passed, even those who did not know how to read or write.

“But this year the exams have been brought back, and that will motivate the parents to make their children study so they can pass,” Mrs Khalil said.

“The return of exams will raise pupils’ grades in Arabic. Pupils are also neglecting Arabic because the staff at the school are all non-Arabic speakers.

“I am an Arabic teacher and I am forced to learn English so I can communicate with the principal.”

With English tending to rule the roost at schools, it is no wonder children use it as their primary language, Mrs Khalil said.

“Only 5 per cent know how to write [in Arabic].

“When I used to teach high school, some 12th graders barely knew how to spell, despite all the technologies and smart boards. We need solutions for this issue,” she said.

Arabic language competitions, such as those previously held by the Abu Dhabi Educational Council, would have a greater effect than the contests the schools currently run, she said. According to Fatena Abullateef Al Dajani, an Arabic language supervisor at Horizon Private School, pupils have become obsessed with online and video games, which are all in English.

“When we started to notice this, about three years ago, we launched a number of projects to bring back the love of Arabic,” she said.

The projects include: a 10-minute Arabic reading session every morning; sending a story book home with pupils every week and testing their comprehension; and enrolling them in reading challenges across the UAE.

“Also, Quran memorisation contests help a lot, because memorising the Quran enriches their Arabic language massively. We even involve the parents and grandparents, we invite them to the school library to read with their children,” she said.

Rawan Fawaz, a 27-year-old mother from Palestine, said she was alarmed by her seven-year-old’s lack of Arabic skills.

“His older brother – who is nine – is much better because he used to watch cartoons dubbed into classical Arabic, so when he started talking he spoke proper Arabic.

“Now he can understand the language much easier than his brother.

“I don’t know what happened in the past five years. It seems like everything changed in schools.

“The children don’t understand anything any more,” the mother of three said. “All the films, animation and video games that they are engaged in are in English, that is why they have forgotten about Arabic. And the types of children’s programmes popular nowadays are not deep humanitarian stories like the ones we used to watch, they are all silly and increase the child’s level of stupidity.”

She will be enrolling her sons in a Quran school during the winter break to improve their Arabic skills, she said.

From Internet
Source:https://www.thenational.ae/uae/parents-blame-video-games-tv-for-declining-arabic-skills-1.685239

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Arabic is not a priority for young people in Dubai, say educators

A new education report has laid bare a lack of progress in the teaching of Arabic in private schools in Dubai.

In the Indian school curriculum just 21 per cent of schools were rated as ‘good’ or ‘better’, for Arabic as an additional language, by education regulator the Knowledge and Human Development Authority. That rose to 42 and 52 per cent for UK and US curriculums respectively. Among the better results was 73 per cent for Ministry of Education curriculum schools, where many pupils tend to be native Arabic speakers.

Released this week, the tenth annual report titled A Decade of Growth, differentiated between Arabic taught as an additional language and Arabic as a first language; and while both subjects showed improvement over 10 years, the rate was much slower than that of other subjects.

The stark difference became apparent when comparing the rate of improvement in subjects such as mathematics in which 71 per cent of Indian schools received ‘good’ and ‘better’ ratings this year, compared to 43 per cent ten years prior. Some 73 per cent of Indian schools achieved 'good' or 'better' ratings in English and science, up from 42 per cent in 2008 - when the assessment was first carried out by KHDA.

Rashmi Nandkeolyar, principal and director of Delhi Private School in Dubai, said the disparity was down to a lack of motivation from pupils to study the subject.

The school teaches Arabic as an additional language and received a rating of ‘weak’ in middle and secondary school for attainment of goals and an ‘acceptable’ rating for progress. For English, the school earned an ‘outstanding’ through primary, middle and secondary school.

“Pupils are not using Arabic and thus they don’t see the value of it in their lives. Arabic is not the lingua franca in Dubai and they (pupils) can manage without it,” said Ms Nandkeolyar.

“This has to change because if they want to live here in this region, knowing Arabic is an advantage.”

Pupils are also less inclined to study Arabic because the language is not tested in board exams.

From Internet
Source:https://www.thenational.ae/uae/education/arabic-is-not-a-priority-for-young-people-in-dubai-say-educators-1.729386

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Arabic Language Center offering crash course in July

The Arabic Language Center has enrolments open for two Arabic crash courses, during winter (July) holidays in São Paulo. The course for beginners was created for students that have never studied the language before and will teach Classical Arabic, including alphabet, reading, writing, basic conversation, and classes on Arab culture. It is offered to students in two periods from 10 am to noon and from 7 pm to 9 pm, from Monday to Thursday, July 1st to August 1st.

The Colloquial Arabic course will cover informal basic conversations in Arabic, spoken language, accents and Syrian-Lebanese idiomatic expressions and cultural classes on the Arab countries. It is also offered in two periods in the same days and times. Both courses' workload totals 40 hours.

The price is BRL 650 (USD 167) and may be paid in installments. It may be paid in either cash, debit or credit card. There is no registration fee and the payment confirmation may be done in the first class.

Both courses' first classes are free of charge and will take place on July 1st, from 7 pm to 9 pm, at Instituto Base Gênesis, Praça da Sé, 28, 1st floor, at Central Zone of São Paulo. The next classes are at the Arabic Language Center at Viaduto Dona Paulina, 34, cj. 45, also at the Central Zone of São Paulo. Further information viaFacebook , email r Whatsapp 55 11 93009-9689.

From Internet
Source:https://menafn.com/1098653869/Arabic-Language-Center-offering-crash-course-in-July

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Music of the Oud review: Baroque twists of Arabic scales

Joseph Tawadros gave an equally jokey and insightful musicological lesson when he and his percussionist brother, James, rejoined the Sydney Symphony Orchestra after the first movement of Mozart's Symphony in G minor (K183). After his oud and James's req (small tambourine) duetted on a brief excerpt, Tawadros observed that, with the harmonies removed, the melodic and rhythmic material was not so very different to Arabic music.

Tawadros astutely chose the Mozart to complete a program otherwise consisting of his own compositions, highlighting the differences and overlaps between the harmony-rich western classical tradition (this being a work in which the 17-year-old Mozart extensively used unison passages), and the linear (melody and rhythm) approach that finds such potent expression in Indian and Arabic music.

The centrepiece was Tawadros's 2017 Concerto for Oud and Orchestra (the SSO under the lively direction of Benjamin Northey), in which orchestrator Jessica Wells allowed Tawadros's gift for striking melodies to glisten, often fattening the sinuous lines with unisons rather than weighting them with harmony. A work of high drama and contrast - it was, in terms of both composition and execution, a massive step forward on Tawadros's earlier attempts at orchestral settings for oud. This is an instrument of lace-like delicacy, so the work, like pre-forte keyboard concertos, had to offer ample solo space, even though the oud and req (which could arguably share the concerto's title) were expertly amplified.

Amid Tawadros's discernible influences is a reverence for Vivaldi, yet the work is no mere baroque throwback. Its gripping orchestral introduction beckoned Tawadros's dark opening statement on the bottom string of his extended-range seven-course oud. Later the rampant emotional colour of quarter-tones in his improvising suggested the orchestration could have more fully explored the string section's capacity to generate quarter-tones, itself. A stark oboe melody established the slow movement, the oud's theme subsequently echoed by the strings, while the last movement contained a startling cadenza of diverging and converging patterns between the oud's bass and treble strings, before granite-like blocks of orchestral punctuation signalled a thrilling finale.

Among the shorter pieces Point of Departure (arranged by Tawadros and Richard Tognetti) had luxuriant strings framing the concert's most moving improvisation, the oud's notes dripping like tears into a wishing well. Less successful was the solo Constellation, a minor Tawadros composition lacking a little finesse in its performance.

From Internet
Source:https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/music-of-the-oud-review-baroque-twists-of-arabic-scales-20190623-p520ez.html

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PAS delegate moots Arabic to replace Mandarin in vernacular schools

 A PAS delegate today reiterated calls for the abolition of Mandarin-medium schools in Malaysia, but this time proposing Arabic as the language of instruction.

Salamiah Md Nor, vice-chief of the Islamist party’s women’s wing, said she doesn’t want to see Mandarin taking position as the country’s second language.

“The Dewan Muslimat hopes for one thing, we are unwilling to see Mandarin becoming the second language,” she said, using the Malay term for her wing.

“Instead we want the second language that is used in the Quran and the Sunnah, a language which has been overlooked by the current generation, causing some Muslims to be ignorant about the Quran,” she said during debates on PAS president Datuk Seri Hadi Awang's policy speech at the party’s 65th annual congress here.

She called on Education Minister Maszlee Malik to act, claiming that many were uncomfortable with the current vernacular schools system though she did not offer further information to substantiate her assertion.

“We ask and hope that the education minister will take action and put an end to vernacular education,” she said.

In Malaysia, Mandarin and Tamil are used as the medium of instruction in national type schools only at the primary level.

From secondary onwards, public school students are taught in Bahasa Malaysia, the national language, regardless of the type.

Those who opt to continue their secondary and tertiary studies in Mandarin enrol in private schools.

Salamiah also criticised the current education curriculum, saying it needs more Islamic references and modules.

From Internet
Source:https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/06/22/pas-delegate-moots-arabic-to-replace-mandarin-in-vernacular-schools/1764593

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Chinese-Arabic translation contest kicks off in Cairo

Egypt's National Center for Translation (NCT) and the Chinese Culture Center in Cairo announced on Tuesday launching a contest to translate a Chinese novel into Arabic.

The contest mainly includes young translators, said Anwar Mogeith, chairman of the NCT.

"We seek to create and encourage new generation of translators," Mogeith told Xinhua, adding that the contest will be a good opportunity for young talents to gain experience and win the prize at the same time.

He said the participants between 25 and 45 years old could start to download the book on designated website as of June 18.

The translation should be submitted in three months to the headquarters of the NCT for evaluation.

The Chinese Culture Center in Cairo will offer $2,000  to the first place winner and the NCT will be responsible for publication.

The second and third place winners will be granted 1,000 dollars and 500 dollars respectively, while other winners until the 10th place will be rewarded an encouraging prize of 200 dollars, the NCT chairman added.

"The disappearance of a girl named Chen Jianfang" is the title of the Chinese book that tells a story of a young girl who moved from rural area to a city seeking to raise her living standard.

Shi Yifeng, the writer of the book, expressed happiness that his book will be translated for a large population of Arabic-spoken countries.

He added the sad and happy moments of the journey of the girl in his novel mirrored the changes that took place in China.

"Those changes have added to the promotion of literature," the writer said, noting the Egyptian and Arab readers will understand many aspects about China after reading the book.

Mogeith stressed the NCT will promote the book's sales in the coming annual International Book Fair that usually takes place in February each year.

Describing his job as to describe the feelings of the people, Shi said that translation bridges cultural differences of different origins because the human emotions are the same everywhere.

From Internet
Source:http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/19/WS5d09d527a3103dbf143291bb.html

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Learning to Speak Darija: How to Make a Moroccan Laugh

Moroccan Arabic is a unique blend of Tamazight (Berber), Spanish, French, and Standard Arabic. While a lot of Darija’s vocabulary comes from Arabic and Tamazight, there are many words that have entered the language thanks to French, Spanish, and other languages.

Rabat – Some words remain unaltered, while others have been changed to varying degrees.

Additionally, some Arabic words used in Morocco are used in a different context than within Moroccan Standard Arabic (MSA). Although many Moroccans can understand speakers from the Arabian Peninsula, the reverse cannot always be said.

There are some Arabic speakers who argue that Moroccan colloquial Arabic, also called Darija, is not a “true” Arabic dialect, but rather a variant of North African languages.

Making matters more complex, each region also has its own distinct dialect. This is probably why it’s one of the most obscure dialects to learn since it’s the most geographically limiting variety of Arabic. It is also probably the most difficult Arabic dialect to understand.

When I first heard it, Moroccan Arabic sounded like the people are always appalled. It has a characteristic cluster of harsh consonants that once made me think the lives of Moroccans were soap operas. After two years of living with the language, I learned to at least listen for “sdemtini” before making that assumption (“How could you say that to me?”).

Over time, I understood it’s just a very strong language. I think it’s worth learning because it brings me closer to people and the culture that I wouldn’t otherwise get to know.

When I arrived, people taught me the curse words. People I’d just met had me echo profanities, which turns out to be a great way to make friends. My new friends insisted I wasn’t prepared for life in Morocco until I could call someone a sonofa and then tell them to screw off.

These words have turned out to be useless. When my mouth mimics “Khara” (crap), it’s like telling a one-liner. It could make a robber with a knife to my cheek laugh. I can’t intimidate in Arabic and it doesn’t make sense to be so serious in a language I don’t understand. Besides, people don’t say those words to me.

On the streets of Tetouan (near Tangier), they sing at me, “mon amie” or use racial slurs, which none of my new friends had had the courage to teach me. Standing out in the small city has its own joke and the punchline, or whatever people are calling out when they see me, is in Arabic. For this reason, I learned to appreciate the language barrier.

Still, there’s real value in learning individual words. I know about a hundred and fifty. I say what I want by stringing words together: “(Srwall dyali sreer ‒ lioum shems schroona bzef!) My pants too small ‒ today sun very hot! ” It makes friends giggle. I lie to the people selling roses in the street, “(Hedi? Ana feeya assassiya) This? I am allergic.”

There are slang expressions that primarily men use. Men and myself: “deka” for “beverage,” “tcharreyah” for “calm down,” and “la-az” for “hell yeah.”

Then there are times when I make my own expressions. “You are the fish of my love,” (unta l’hout dial hobbi) I told a man. In his near-native English, he told me that was so sweet.

From Internet
Read more:https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/06/276509/darija-moroccan-laugh-arabic/

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من بينها الأورومو والأمهرة، تعرف على أكبر القوميات الإثيوبية

أعلن مكتب رئيس الوزراء الأثيوبي، آبي أحمد، أن قائد الجيش، الجنرال سياري ميكونين، وضابطا آخر لقيا حتفهما في العاصمة أديس أبابا وذلك أثناء محاولتهما منع محاولة انقلاب ضد حكومة ولاية أمهرة شمال إثيوبيا.

ونقلت وسائل إعلام عن متحدث باسم رئيس الوزراء أن الحارس الشخصي لرئيس أركان الجيش هو من أطلق عليه الرصاص.

كما قتل حاكم ولاية أمهرة ومستشاره خلال ما وصفته وسائل إعلام رسمية إثيوبية بمحاولة انقلاب في الولاية. وقال التلفزيون الإثيوبي إن حاكم الولاية، أمباتشو مكونن، ومستشاره تعرضا للهجوم في مكتبيهما يوم السبت، مضيفا أن ضابطا بارزا في الجيش كان وراء محاولة الانقلاب.

وتعد ولاية أمهرة الشمالية من أهم ولايات أثيوبيا التسع وتنتشر فيها القومية الأمهرية التي تمثل نحو ربع سكان البلاد، وينتمي لها العديد من الرموز في التاريخ الاثيوبي مثل الإمبراطور هيلا سيلاسي والزعيم الشيوعي منغستو هيلاماريام. وتعد اللغة الأمهرية هي اللغة الرسمية في البلاد.

وكان وصول رئيس الوزراء الحالي آبي أحمد إلى السلطة بمثابة محطة مهمة في التاريخ الاثيوبي، فهو أول رئيس حكومة من قومية الأومورو وهي أكبر مجموعة عرقية في البلاد، والتي كانت تقود الاحتجاجات المناهضة للحكومة السابقة على مدار ثلاث سنوات.

فما هي أكبر القوميات والأعراق في إثيوبيا؟

تقول دائرة المعارف البريطانية إن هناك العديد من القوميات في إثيوبيا، مشيرة إلى أن التمايز اللغوي يعد من أبرز أسباب الخلافات في البلاد، حيث يوجد في هذا البلد نحو 100 لغة يمكن تقسيمها إلى 4 مجموعات لغوية رئيسية هي السامية والكوشية والأومية وجميعها من الأسرة الآفرو آسيوية، كما أن هناك مجموعة رابعة تنتمي إلى النيلية وهي جزء من أسرة النيل الصحراء اللغوية.

From Internet
Read more:http://www.bbc.com/arabic/world-48737117

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