๐ฏImportant Points of NCERT ๐ฏ
๐1. The world's first National Park (America) โ Yellow stone National Park
๐2. India's first National Park โ Jim Corbett National Park โ Nainital (Uttaranchal)
๐3. Smallest tiger reserve in India โ Ranthambore National Park - Sawaimadhopur (Rajasthan).
๐4. Largest Tiger reserve in India โ Nagarjuna Sagar Saisailum Sanctuary - Guntoor - Andhra Pradesh.
๐5. Nandan-Kanan zoo (Bhubaneshwar - Orissa) is known for - White tiger.
๐Some Important Info.๐ โ๏ธ
(i) National Forest Policy revised in โ 1988.
(ii) Biodiversity act of India was passed by the Parliament in the year-2002
(iii) Forest Actโ1927.
(iv) Biosphere Reserve Schemeโ 1986
๐2. Wild life protection act 1972 (Revised in 1991) :
๐1. The world's first National Park (America) โ Yellow stone National Park
๐2. India's first National Park โ Jim Corbett National Park โ Nainital (Uttaranchal)
๐3. Smallest tiger reserve in India โ Ranthambore National Park - Sawaimadhopur (Rajasthan).
๐4. Largest Tiger reserve in India โ Nagarjuna Sagar Saisailum Sanctuary - Guntoor - Andhra Pradesh.
๐5. Nandan-Kanan zoo (Bhubaneshwar - Orissa) is known for - White tiger.
๐Some Important Info.๐ โ๏ธ
(i) National Forest Policy revised in โ 1988.
(ii) Biodiversity act of India was passed by the Parliament in the year-2002
(iii) Forest Actโ1927.
(iv) Biosphere Reserve Schemeโ 1986
๐2. Wild life protection act 1972 (Revised in 1991) :
โก๏ธDifference between Fimbriae and Pili
๐ท The fimbriae differ from the pili in the following ways:
ใฝ๏ธPili are fine hair like microfibers having pilin โ a thick tubular structure while the fimbriae are tiny bristle-like fibers emerging from the surface of the bacterial cells
ใฝ๏ธPili are longer than fimbriae
Occurrence of the fimbriae in each cell is about 200-400 while the occurrence of pili are lesser than one to ten every cell
ใฝ๏ธFimbriae are found in the both the gram negative and positive bacteria both, pili are present in the gram negative bacteria only
ใฝ๏ธThe fimbriae are composed of fibrillin protein while the pilin protein makes up the pili
ใฝ๏ธThe fimbriae are less rigid compared to the pili
ใฝ๏ธThe formation of fimbriae is administered by the bacterial genes in the nucleoid area while the pili is administered by the plasmid genes
ใฝ๏ธFimbriae plays a role in attaching cells to the surface while pili are critical in bacterial conjugation
๐ท The fimbriae differ from the pili in the following ways:
ใฝ๏ธPili are fine hair like microfibers having pilin โ a thick tubular structure while the fimbriae are tiny bristle-like fibers emerging from the surface of the bacterial cells
ใฝ๏ธPili are longer than fimbriae
Occurrence of the fimbriae in each cell is about 200-400 while the occurrence of pili are lesser than one to ten every cell
ใฝ๏ธFimbriae are found in the both the gram negative and positive bacteria both, pili are present in the gram negative bacteria only
ใฝ๏ธThe fimbriae are composed of fibrillin protein while the pilin protein makes up the pili
ใฝ๏ธThe fimbriae are less rigid compared to the pili
ใฝ๏ธThe formation of fimbriae is administered by the bacterial genes in the nucleoid area while the pili is administered by the plasmid genes
ใฝ๏ธFimbriae plays a role in attaching cells to the surface while pili are critical in bacterial conjugation
Forwarded from Arjuna Prayas Neet 2025 PW Lectures
๐๐ค๐ง๐ฅ๐๐ค๐ก๐ค๐๐ฎ ๐๐ช๐ง๐ฉ๐๐๐ง:-
โUnderground Stems:-
The stem of some plants lie below the soil surface. They are non-green, store food as means of perennation and vegetative propagation.
They are of following types:-
(a) Rhizome It is a prostrate thick stem growing horizontally beneath the soil surface. It has distinct nodes and internodes. The. nodes bear small scale leaves with buds in their axils, e.g., Zingiber (ginger officinale), Curcuma domestica (turmeric).
(b) Suckers These are non-green slender stem that grows horizontally in the soil and ultimately comes out to form a new aerial shoot. Each sucker contains one or more nodes with scale leaves and axillary buds, e.g., Mentha (podina), Chrysanthemum (guldaudi).
(c) Corm It is a swollen condensed form of rhizome which grows in the vertical direction in the soil. It stores a large amount of food, e.g., Amorphophallus, Colocasia (taro).
(d) Tuber It is a swollen end of underground stem branches. Each tuber has many notches on the surface called eyes or buds, which grow into new plants, e.g, Solanum tuberosum (potato).
(e) Bulb It is a highly reduced disc like stem. It bears a large number of fibrous adventitious roots at its base. Leaf bases form bulblets. The bulblets grow into new plants, e.g., Allium cepa (onion), Allium sativum (garlic).
โUnderground Stems:-
The stem of some plants lie below the soil surface. They are non-green, store food as means of perennation and vegetative propagation.
They are of following types:-
(a) Rhizome It is a prostrate thick stem growing horizontally beneath the soil surface. It has distinct nodes and internodes. The. nodes bear small scale leaves with buds in their axils, e.g., Zingiber (ginger officinale), Curcuma domestica (turmeric).
(b) Suckers These are non-green slender stem that grows horizontally in the soil and ultimately comes out to form a new aerial shoot. Each sucker contains one or more nodes with scale leaves and axillary buds, e.g., Mentha (podina), Chrysanthemum (guldaudi).
(c) Corm It is a swollen condensed form of rhizome which grows in the vertical direction in the soil. It stores a large amount of food, e.g., Amorphophallus, Colocasia (taro).
(d) Tuber It is a swollen end of underground stem branches. Each tuber has many notches on the surface called eyes or buds, which grow into new plants, e.g, Solanum tuberosum (potato).
(e) Bulb It is a highly reduced disc like stem. It bears a large number of fibrous adventitious roots at its base. Leaf bases form bulblets. The bulblets grow into new plants, e.g., Allium cepa (onion), Allium sativum (garlic).
Forwarded from Garima Goel Official
IMP TOPIC ....๐ฅ
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance ........โ๐งช
Chromosomal theory of inheritance was given by Walter Sutton in 1902. This theory also explains the linear structure of chromosomes with genes in particular sites which was mentioned as loci while Boveri also studied this theory separately. So, this theory is also known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. According to this theory-
(i) Genes are found at specific locations on the chromosomes.
(ii) During meiosis the homologous chromosomes separate.
(iii) After fertilization the number of chromosomes becomes diploid.
(iv) Chromosomes segregate as well as assort independently.
Mutation...๐งถ
The sudden changes in the sequence of DNA are known as mutations. The changes in the DNA may be heritable and will be passed onto the next generations affecting both the genotype, as well as the phenotype of an individual. The different types of mutation are frameshift mutations, insertions, deletions, duplications, substitutions, etc. Mutations may be harmful or may not affect at all.
(i) The addition or deletion of DNA bases will lead to changes in the reading frame called the Frameshift mutations.
(ii) The addition of DNA bases is known as insertions.
(iii) Removal of DNA bases is known as deletions.
(iv) If a piece of DNA is copied for more than one time is known as duplication.
Thus, these mutations will lead to a change in the DNA sequence resulting in the formation of the wrong protein.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance ........โ๐งช
Chromosomal theory of inheritance was given by Walter Sutton in 1902. This theory also explains the linear structure of chromosomes with genes in particular sites which was mentioned as loci while Boveri also studied this theory separately. So, this theory is also known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. According to this theory-
(i) Genes are found at specific locations on the chromosomes.
(ii) During meiosis the homologous chromosomes separate.
(iii) After fertilization the number of chromosomes becomes diploid.
(iv) Chromosomes segregate as well as assort independently.
Mutation...๐งถ
The sudden changes in the sequence of DNA are known as mutations. The changes in the DNA may be heritable and will be passed onto the next generations affecting both the genotype, as well as the phenotype of an individual. The different types of mutation are frameshift mutations, insertions, deletions, duplications, substitutions, etc. Mutations may be harmful or may not affect at all.
(i) The addition or deletion of DNA bases will lead to changes in the reading frame called the Frameshift mutations.
(ii) The addition of DNA bases is known as insertions.
(iii) Removal of DNA bases is known as deletions.
(iv) If a piece of DNA is copied for more than one time is known as duplication.
Thus, these mutations will lead to a change in the DNA sequence resulting in the formation of the wrong protein.
Movement and locomotion skeletal system:-
1. Skull bones
2. Vertebral column
3. Sternum
4. Ribs
5. Fore limbs , Hind limbs
6. Girdles
7. Joints
8. Disorders of bones
P.S. hyoid bone is only bone which is not attached with any other one of the body.
Tongue is attached with hyoid boneโจ ๐ธ
1. Skull bones
2. Vertebral column
3. Sternum
4. Ribs
5. Fore limbs , Hind limbs
6. Girdles
7. Joints
8. Disorders of bones
P.S. hyoid bone is only bone which is not attached with any other one of the body.
Tongue is attached with hyoid boneโจ ๐ธ
โค๏ธSOME TERMS RELATED TO EVOLUTIONโค๏ธ
๐ Adaptation:
๐ถChanging to fit a niche or survive in an environment
๐ Anatomy:
๐ถStudy of the structures of organisms
๐ Artificial Selection:
๐ถCharacteristics selected by humans
๐ Biogeography:
๐ถStudy of how species are distributed across the Earth
๐ Biological Species:
๐ถIndividuals that can interbreed and produce viable offspring
๐ Catastrophism:
๐ถChanges in species that happen because of quick and often violent natural phenomena
๐ Cladistics:
๐ถMethod of classifying species in groups based on ancestral relationships
๐ Cladogram:
๐ถDiagram of how species are related
๐ Coevolution:
๐ถOne species changing in response to changes in another species that it interacts with, particularly predator/prey relationships
๐ Creationism:
๐ถBelief that a higher power created all life
๐ Darwinism:
๐ถTerm commonly used as a synonym for evolution
๐ Descent With Modification:
๐ถPassing down traits that might change over time
๐ Directional Selection:
๐ถType of natural selection in which an extreme characteristic is favored
๐ Disruptive Selection:
๐ถType of natural selection that favors both extremes and selects against the average characteristics
๐ Embryology:
๐ถStudy of the earliest stages of development of an organism
๐ Endosymbiotic Theory:
๐ถCurrently accepted theory as to how cells evolved
๐ Eukaryote:
๐ถOrganism made of cells that have membrane-bound organelles
๐ Evolution:
๐ถChange in populations over time
๐ Fossil Record:
๐ถAll known traces of past life ever found
๐ Fundamental Niche:
๐ถAll available roles an individual can play in an ecosystem
๐ Genetics:
๐ถStudy of traits and how they are passed down from generation to generation
๐ Gradualism:
๐ถChanges in species that happen over long periods of time
๐ Habitat:
๐ถArea in which an organism lives
๐ Homologous Structures:
๐ถBody parts on different species that are similar and most likely evolved from a common ancestor
๐ Hydrothermal Vents:
๐ถVery hot areas in the ocean where primitive life might have begun
๐ Intelligent Design:
๐ถBelief that a higher power created life and its changes
๐ Macroevolution:
๐ถChanges in populations at the species level, including ancestral relationships
๐ Mass Extinction:
๐ถEvent in which large numbers of species died out completely
๐ Microevolution:
๐ถChanges in species at a molecular or gene level.....
๐ Adaptation:
๐ถChanging to fit a niche or survive in an environment
๐ Anatomy:
๐ถStudy of the structures of organisms
๐ Artificial Selection:
๐ถCharacteristics selected by humans
๐ Biogeography:
๐ถStudy of how species are distributed across the Earth
๐ Biological Species:
๐ถIndividuals that can interbreed and produce viable offspring
๐ Catastrophism:
๐ถChanges in species that happen because of quick and often violent natural phenomena
๐ Cladistics:
๐ถMethod of classifying species in groups based on ancestral relationships
๐ Cladogram:
๐ถDiagram of how species are related
๐ Coevolution:
๐ถOne species changing in response to changes in another species that it interacts with, particularly predator/prey relationships
๐ Creationism:
๐ถBelief that a higher power created all life
๐ Darwinism:
๐ถTerm commonly used as a synonym for evolution
๐ Descent With Modification:
๐ถPassing down traits that might change over time
๐ Directional Selection:
๐ถType of natural selection in which an extreme characteristic is favored
๐ Disruptive Selection:
๐ถType of natural selection that favors both extremes and selects against the average characteristics
๐ Embryology:
๐ถStudy of the earliest stages of development of an organism
๐ Endosymbiotic Theory:
๐ถCurrently accepted theory as to how cells evolved
๐ Eukaryote:
๐ถOrganism made of cells that have membrane-bound organelles
๐ Evolution:
๐ถChange in populations over time
๐ Fossil Record:
๐ถAll known traces of past life ever found
๐ Fundamental Niche:
๐ถAll available roles an individual can play in an ecosystem
๐ Genetics:
๐ถStudy of traits and how they are passed down from generation to generation
๐ Gradualism:
๐ถChanges in species that happen over long periods of time
๐ Habitat:
๐ถArea in which an organism lives
๐ Homologous Structures:
๐ถBody parts on different species that are similar and most likely evolved from a common ancestor
๐ Hydrothermal Vents:
๐ถVery hot areas in the ocean where primitive life might have begun
๐ Intelligent Design:
๐ถBelief that a higher power created life and its changes
๐ Macroevolution:
๐ถChanges in populations at the species level, including ancestral relationships
๐ Mass Extinction:
๐ถEvent in which large numbers of species died out completely
๐ Microevolution:
๐ถChanges in species at a molecular or gene level.....
โ๏ธIMP OF PLANT KINGDOMโ๏ธ
๐Isogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Ulothrix (flagellated)
Spirogyra (non-flagellated)
๐Anisogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Udorina
๐Oogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Volvox, Fucus
๐Algin- Brown Algae
๐Carragreen - Red Algae
๐Agar- Gelidium, Gracilaria
(Red algae)
๐Motile asexual spores in algae- Zoospores
๐Laminarin, Mannitol- Complex carbohydrates of Brown algae
๐Fucoxanthin- Brown Algae
๐Phycoerythrin- Red Algae
๐Floridean Starch Found in Red algae, similar to amylopectin and glycogen
๐The main plant body is a gametophyte- Bryophytes
๐Peat- Sphagnum
๐Microphylls- Selaginella
๐Macrophylls- Fern
๐Isogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Ulothrix (flagellated)
Spirogyra (non-flagellated)
๐Anisogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Udorina
๐Oogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Volvox, Fucus
๐Algin- Brown Algae
๐Carragreen - Red Algae
๐Agar- Gelidium, Gracilaria
(Red algae)
๐Motile asexual spores in algae- Zoospores
๐Laminarin, Mannitol- Complex carbohydrates of Brown algae
๐Fucoxanthin- Brown Algae
๐Phycoerythrin- Red Algae
๐Floridean Starch Found in Red algae, similar to amylopectin and glycogen
๐The main plant body is a gametophyte- Bryophytes
๐Peat- Sphagnum
๐Microphylls- Selaginella
๐Macrophylls- Fern
๐BORON:
โขIn casting of copper as a dioxidizer
โขBoron rods used in automic reactor.
โขBoron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
โขIn composite material of aircraft
โขUsed in braintumer therapy.
๐ BORAX:
โขAs a flux for soldring metal.
โขIn borex bead test
โขIn softning of water
โขAntiseptic
โขManufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
โขFor making optical and borosilicals SS.
โขFood preservative
๐ ALUMINIUM:
โข Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
โข Electric wire.
โขThermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
โขFor transportin nitric acid.
โขAI, Hg used as reducing agent.
โขAluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.
๐ LEAD [Pb]:
โขIn making telegraph and telephone wires
โขMaking bullets
โขMaking chamber in HSO, process.
๐ NITROGEN:
โขIn the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
โขLiquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
โขInert atmosphere in metallurgy.
โขGas thermometer and electrical bulb
๐ NH3:
โข Refrigeration
โขManufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
โขArtificial Silk.
โข Urea Formation
โขFor solvent
๐ HNO3:
โข Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
โขIn explosive
โข For making nitroglycerine.
โข Making TNT.
โข Pickling against of stainless steel.
โข Etching of Metal
โขOxidizer in rocket fule.
โขIn casting of copper as a dioxidizer
โขBoron rods used in automic reactor.
โขBoron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
โขIn composite material of aircraft
โขUsed in braintumer therapy.
๐ BORAX:
โขAs a flux for soldring metal.
โขIn borex bead test
โขIn softning of water
โขAntiseptic
โขManufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
โขFor making optical and borosilicals SS.
โขFood preservative
๐ ALUMINIUM:
โข Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
โข Electric wire.
โขThermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
โขFor transportin nitric acid.
โขAI, Hg used as reducing agent.
โขAluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.
๐ LEAD [Pb]:
โขIn making telegraph and telephone wires
โขMaking bullets
โขMaking chamber in HSO, process.
๐ NITROGEN:
โขIn the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
โขLiquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
โขInert atmosphere in metallurgy.
โขGas thermometer and electrical bulb
๐ NH3:
โข Refrigeration
โขManufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
โขArtificial Silk.
โข Urea Formation
โขFor solvent
๐ HNO3:
โข Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
โขIn explosive
โข For making nitroglycerine.
โข Making TNT.
โข Pickling against of stainless steel.
โข Etching of Metal
โขOxidizer in rocket fule.
Important Points For NEET ๐
Evidences from comparative morphology and anatomy :-
โก๏ธExamples of homologous organs:โก๏ธ
(i) Forelimbs of mammals
(ii) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both are modification of axillary bud.
(iii)Vertebrate hearts or brains
(iv)Mouth parts of insects :
Cockroach Honey bee Mosquito
(Biting & chewing) (Chewing & lapping) (Piercing & Sucking)
(v) Testes in male and ovaries in female
(vi) Potato and Ginger - both are modified shoot
(vii) Radish and Carrot - both are modified roots
โก๏ธExamples of Analogous organs :โก๏ธ
(i) Wings of butterfly and birds
(ii) Eye of the octopus and of mammals
(iii) Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(iv) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)
(v) Sting of bee and scorpion
(vi) Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates
Evidences from comparative morphology and anatomy :-
โก๏ธExamples of homologous organs:โก๏ธ
(i) Forelimbs of mammals
(ii) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both are modification of axillary bud.
(iii)Vertebrate hearts or brains
(iv)Mouth parts of insects :
Cockroach Honey bee Mosquito
(Biting & chewing) (Chewing & lapping) (Piercing & Sucking)
(v) Testes in male and ovaries in female
(vi) Potato and Ginger - both are modified shoot
(vii) Radish and Carrot - both are modified roots
โก๏ธExamples of Analogous organs :โก๏ธ
(i) Wings of butterfly and birds
(ii) Eye of the octopus and of mammals
(iii) Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(iv) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)
(v) Sting of bee and scorpion
(vi) Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates
Forwarded from Arjuna Prayas Neet 2025 PW Lectures
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Get Admission in Best institute of India for NEET preparation
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Forwarded from Arjuna Prayas Neet 2025 PW Lectures
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Forwarded from Arjuna Prayas Neet 2025 PW Lectures
๐๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ป๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ด๐ ๐๐๐ฆ๐ง ๐ก๐ข๐ง๐๐ฆโค๏ธ