All the best guys👍🏻❤️

Fod ke ana🥲🔥

Stem modifications:

Trick 🌟 -
Food & suits of runners, stolen by ten thousand cunning people.

Food (tuber, rhizome, corm, bulb)
Sucker
Offset
Runner
Stolon
Tendril
Thorn
Cladode
Phylloclade


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🌀♻️Atoms & Molecules♻️🌀

Around 500 BC, an Indian Philosopher Maharishi Kanad, first time postulated the concept of indivisible part of matter and named it ‘pramanu.’

In 1808, John Dalton used the term ‘atom’ and postulated the atomic theory to the study of matter.


🔅Dalton’s Atomic Theory
➖According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matter, whether an element, a compound or a mixture is composed of small particles called atoms.
➖According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matters, whether they are elements, compounds, or mixtures, are composed of small particles known as atoms.

🔅Salient features of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
➖All matter is made of very miniscule particles known as atoms.
➖Atom is an indivisible particle, which cannot be created or destroyed through chemical reaction.
➖All atoms of an element are identical in mass and chemical properties whereas, atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties.
➖To form a compound, atoms are combined in the ratio of small whole numbers.
➖In a given compound, the relative number and kinds of atoms are constant.

🔅Atomic Mass
➖The mass of an atom of a chemical element; it is expressed in atomic mass units (symbol is u).
➖The atomic mass is roughly equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons present in the atom.
➖One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to the exactly one-twelfth (1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon-12 and the relative atomic masses of all elements have been calculated with respect to an atom of carbon-12.

🔅Molecule
➖The smallest particle of an element or a compound, which is capable to exist independently and shows all the properties of the respective substance.
➖A molecule, normally, is a group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together.
➖Atoms of the same element or of different elements can join (with chemical bond) together to form molecules.
➖The number of atoms that constitute a molecule is known as its atomicity.

🔅Ion
➖A charged particle is known as ion; it could be either negative charge or positive charge.
➖The positively charged ion is known as a ‘cation’.
➖The negatively charged ion is known as an ‘anion.’

🔅Chemical Formulae
➖A chemical formula of a compound demonstrations its constituent elements and the number of atoms of each combining element.
➖The chemical formula of a compound is the symbolic representation of its Composition.
➖The combining capacity of an element is known as its ‘valency.’

🔅Molecular Mass
➖The molecular mass of a substance is calculated by taking the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of respective substance. For example, the molecular mass of water is calculated as −
➖Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1u
➖Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 u

➖The water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
➖Molecular Mass of Water is = 2 × 1+ 1×16 = 18 u (u is the symbol of molecular mass).

🔅Formula Unit Mass
The formula unit mass of a substance is calculated by taking the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound.

🔅Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number
➖Avogadro was an Italian scientist who had given the concept of Avogadro Number (also known as Avogadro Constant).
➖The number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) present in 1 mole of any substance is fixed, and its value always calculated as 6.022 × 1023.
➖In 1896, Wilhelm Ostwald had introduced the concept of ‘mole;’ however, mole unit was accepted to provide a simple way of reporting a large number in 1967.

🔅Law of Conservation of Mass
During a chemical reaction, sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged, which is known as the ‘Law of Conservation of Mass.’

🔅Law of Definite Proportions
In a pure chemical compound, its elements are always present in a definite proportion by mass, which is known as the ‘Law of Definite Proportions.’

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♨️💢Classification of solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, network (covalent) or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphdecoxide(P4O10) → Molecular

(ii) Ammonium phosphate(NH4)3PO4 → ionic

(iii) SiC → Network (Covalent)

(iv) I2 → molecular

(v) P4 → Molecular

(vi) Plastic → amorphous

(vii) Graphite → Network (Covalent)

(viii) Brass → metallic

(ix) Rb → metallic

(x) LiBR → ionic

(xi) Si → Network (Covalent)

🔊 Important One Liners on Electric Charges 🔊
------------------------------------------------------------------------

▫️ If an object is attracted by another charged body, the first object may be oppositely charged or not charged because we know both an uncharged object and an oppositely charged object are attracted by another charged object.

▫️ If an object is positively charged it loses some of its electrons. The mass of an electron is 9.11*10^-31 kg. So, if a positively charged body loses ‘n’ number of electrons, it mass decrease by the amount n*9.11E^-31kg.

▫️ Though gold is a costly metal it is used in electroscope because of the property malleability. This means very thin and light sheets can be formed from gold simply by hammering or rolling and hence the deflection of the light gold plates increases.

▫️ The divergence of the plates of the Gold-leaf oscilloscope depends only on the presence of a charge, not on the quality of charge i.e. positive or negative. So, if the charge changes from positive to negative and vice versa the degree of divergence of the plates remains the same.

▫️ The same charges repel each other. So, they try to maintain maximum distance from each other and hence they try to remain at the outer surface of an object. If the charge remains on the inner surface or throughout the body, they will repel each other with greater force.

▫️ The human body is a good conductor and hence the charge produced by friction flew through his body to the ground. We can tackle the problem simply by holding the brass rod with the help of some insulated holder.

▫️ If the apparatus is initially in contact with some positively charged body and then comes in contact with another ▫️ charged body and if the divergence increases we can deduce that the second body is also positively charged. If the divergence decreases then the second body must be negatively charged.

▫️ According to electrostatic series, glass is situated above silk. So, if the glass is rubbed with silk, the positive charge on glass and negative charge on silk is produced. Similarly, we can predict what is the nature of charge if we rub two di-electric substances together.

▫️ 1 Coulomb means 3*10^9 Electro Static Unit of charge. Coulomb and ESU are two different units of charge and their conversion formula is necessary. Coulomb is the unit of charge in the SI system and esu is the unit of charge in the CGS system.

▫️ The two spheres are oppositely charged by the same amount. So if they come in contact, both of their charges are neutralized. So they become uncharged and don’t attract or repel each other.

🔥🔥 Thermodynamics🔥🔥
™✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓

,🔥Basic Terminology🔥

⭐System-

Part of the universe under investigation.

⭐Open System-

A system which can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.

⭐Closed System-

A system which permits passage of energy but not mass, across its boundary.

⭐Isolated system-

A system which can neither exchange energy nor matter with its surrounding.

⭐Surroundings-

Part of the universe other than system, which can interact with it.

⭐Boundary-

Anything which separates system from surrounding.

⭐State variables-

The variables which are required to be defined in order to define state of any system i.e. pressure, volume, mass, temperature, surface area, etc.

⭐State Functions-

Property of system which depend only on the state of the system and not on the path. Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.

⭐Intensive properties-

Properties of a system which do not depend on mass of the system i.e. temperature, pressure, density, concentration,

⭐Extensive properties-

Properties of a system which depend on mass of the system i.e. volume, energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.

⭐Process-

Path along which state of a system changes.

⭐Isothermal process-

Process which takes place at constant temperature

⭐Isobaric process-

Process which takes place at constant pressure

⭐Isochoric process-

Process which takes place at constant volume.

⭐Adiabatic process-

Process during which transfer of heat cannot take place between system and surrounding.

⭐Cyclic process-

Process in which system comes back to its initial state after undergoing series of changes.

⭐Reversible process-

Process during which the system always departs infinitesimally from the state of equilibrium i.e. its direction can be reversed at any moment.

⭐Irriversible Process-

This type of process is fast and gets completed in a single step. This process cannot be reversed. All the natural processes are of this type.

BIOTECH SHORT NOTES

Biotechnology essentially deals with industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals


. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment and energy production.

2. Biotechnology have the following three critical research areas:

(i) To provide the best catalyst in the form of improved organism, usually a microbe or pure enzyme.

(ii) To create optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act.

(iii) Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound.

🔊 Important One Liners on Electric Charges 🔊
------------------------------------------------------------------------

▫️ If an object is attracted by another charged body, the first object may be oppositely charged or not charged because we know both an uncharged object and an oppositely charged object are attracted by another charged object.

▫️ If an object is positively charged it loses some of its electrons. The mass of an electron is 9.11*10^-31 kg. So, if a positively charged body loses ‘n’ number of electrons, it mass decrease by the amount n*9.11E^-31kg.

▫️ Though gold is a costly metal it is used in electroscope because of the property malleability. This means very thin and light sheets can be formed from gold simply by hammering or rolling and hence the deflection of the light gold plates increases.

▫️ The divergence of the plates of the Gold-leaf oscilloscope depends only on the presence of a charge, not on the quality of charge i.e. positive or negative. So, if the charge changes from positive to negative and vice versa the degree of divergence of the plates remains the same.

▫️ The same charges repel each other. So, they try to maintain maximum distance from each other and hence they try to remain at the outer surface of an object. If the charge remains on the inner surface or throughout the body, they will repel each other with greater force.

▫️ The human body is a good conductor and hence the charge produced by friction flew through his body to the ground. We can tackle the problem simply by holding the brass rod with the help of some insulated holder.

▫️ If the apparatus is initially in contact with some positively charged body and then comes in contact with another ▫️ charged body and if the divergence increases we can deduce that the second body is also positively charged. If the divergence decreases then the second body must be negatively charged.

▫️ According to electrostatic series, glass is situated above silk. So, if the glass is rubbed with silk, the positive charge on glass and negative charge on silk is produced. Similarly, we can predict what is the nature of charge if we rub two di-electric substances together.

▫️ 1 Coulomb means 3*10^9 Electro Static Unit of charge. Coulomb and ESU are two different units of charge and their conversion formula is necessary. Coulomb is the unit of charge in the SI system and esu is the unit of charge in the CGS system.

▫️ The two spheres are oppositely charged by the same amount. So if they come in contact, both of their charges are neutralized. So they become uncharged and don’t attract or repel each other.

Important Points of NCERT :

🌟 Environmental protection act:- 1986

🌟 Air Act:- 1981(amended in 1987)

🌟 1990:- Delhi ranked 4th out of 41 most polluted cities in the World.

🌟 All buses run on CNG by- 2002

🌟 Water Act:- 1974

🌟 Chipko movement(Garhwal Himalayas):- 1974

🌟 JFM(Joint Forest Management):- the 1980s

🌟 Montreal Protocol (Canada):- 1987 (amended in 1989)

🌟 The Earth Summit:- 1992 (Rio de Janeiro)

🌟 World Summit:- 2002 (Johannesburg S.A)

🌟 IUCN Red List (2004):- 784 species extinct in last 500 years.

🌟 Joint Forest Management (JFM):- 1980's.

🌟 1st recombinant DNA:- 1972.

🌟 1st restriction endonuclease:- 1963.

🌟 1997:-An American company got patent rights on Basmati rice.

🌟 1990:- 4 year old girl got ADA deficiency

✍️Revision Notes on Vectors✍️
➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

Some Basic Results of Vector Calculus:
1) Vectors in the same direction can be added by simply adding their magnitudes. But if the vectors to be added are in opposite directions, then their magnitudes are subtracted and not added.

2) Column vectors can be added by simply adding the values in each row.

3) You can find the magnitude of a vector in three dimensions by using the formula a2 = b2 + c2 + d2, where a is the magnitude of the vector, and b, c, and d are the components in each direction.

4) If l1a + m1b = l2a + m2b then l1 = l2 and m1 = m2

5) Collinear Vectors are also parallel vectors except that they lie on the same line.

6) When two vectors are parallel, the dot product of the vectors is 1 and their cross product is zero.

7)Two collinear vectors are always linearly dependent.

8) Two non-collinear non-zero vectors are always linearly independent

9) Three coplanar vectors are always linearly dependent.

10) Three non-coplanar non-zero vectors are always linearly independent

11) More than 3 vectors are always linearly dependent.

12) Three vectors are linearly dependent if they are coplanar that means any one of them can be represented as a linear combination of other two.

STAY UNMUTED 🙂

𝘾𝙝𝙖𝙥𝙩𝙚𝙧 - 𝙈𝙞𝙘𝙧𝙤𝙗𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙬𝙚𝙡𝙛𝙖𝙧𝙚❤️

1.curd also known as lactobacillus or lactic acid bacteria(LAB) with high nutritional quality by increasing vitamin B12.

2.large holes in Swiss cheese are due to production of a large amount of CO2 by bacteria named 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙪𝙢 𝙨𝙜𝙖𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙞.

3.camemcert cheese(soft) - penicillium camemberti

4.Roquefort cheese( semi-hard) -penicillium Roqueforti

5.Baker's yeast- Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

6.'Toddy' prepared from sap of palms by fermentation.

7.yeast fermentation are
a) Beer- produced from hordeum vulgare and alcohal content is 3-6%
b) Wine - from grapes and alcohol amount is 10-20%
c) brands - distillation of wine and alcohol amount is 60-70%
d) Tum prodced from molasses of sugarcane and alcohol amount is 40%

8.penicillin was the first antibiotic by 𝘼𝙡𝙚𝙭𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙁𝙡𝙚𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜.

9. The bottle juice was cleared by 𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚.

10. Streptokinase (by Bacterium streptococcus)- clot buster

11.Cyclosporin A ( by fungus trichiderma polysporum) - immunosuppressive agent

12.Statins (by yeast monascus purpureus) - blood cholesterol lowering agent.

13.𝘽𝙞𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙙𝙚- those biological agents that are used for control of weeds, insects,pathogens by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa

14. 𝘽𝙖𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙧𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙨 used as biological agents are in the genus nucleopolyhedrovirus.

15. 𝘽𝙞𝙤𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙯𝙚𝙧𝙨- organisms that are enrich the nutrient quality of soil by bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria.

16 .in 𝘽𝙞𝙤(𝙜𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙧) 𝙜𝙖𝙨 - 𝙢𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙚(50-70%), 𝘾𝙊2(30-40%), 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙝𝙮𝙙𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙣, 𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙣, 𝙝𝙮𝙙𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙣 𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙥𝙝𝙞𝙙𝙚.

NON-CHORDATES ENDED NOW CHORDATES HERE IS
𝘾𝙇𝘼𝙎𝙎 𝘼𝙈𝙋𝙃𝙄𝘽𝙄𝘼:-


The characteristics of the organisms present in class amphibia are as follows:

⚜These can live both on land and in water.

⚜They are ectothermic animals, found in a warm environment.

⚜Their body is divided into head and trunk. The tail may or may not be present.

⚜The skin is smooth and rough without any scales, but with glands that make it moist.

⚜They have no paired fins. Unpaired fins might be present.

⚜They have two pairs of limbs for locomotion.

⚜They respire through the lungs and skin. Gills might be present externally in some adults.

⚜The heart is three chambered.

⚜The kidneys are mesonephric. The excretory material includes ammonia and urea.

⚜They possess ten pairs of cranial nerves.

⚜The lateral line is present during their development.

⚜The sexes are separate and fertilization is usually external. However, in salamanders, the fertilization is internal.

⚜Development is indirect with metamorphosis.

⚜Breeding occurs in water. The copulatory organs are absent in males.

Eg., Frogs, Salamanders

⚜⚜⚜⚜⚜⚜⚜⚜⚜⚜⚜⚜

🔰 Important Facts About Human Body 🔰
=========================

🔸 Largest and strongest Bone in the body:
➖ Femur (thigh bone)

🔸 Smallest Bone in the body
➖ Stapes in ear

🔸 Number of Cells in the body
➖ 75 trillion

🔸 Volume of Blood in the body
➖ 6 litres (in 70 kg body)

🔸 Number of Red Blood Cells(R.B.C.)
➖ In male: 5 to 6 million/cubic mm
➖ In female: 4 to 5 million/cubic mm

🔸 Life span of Red Blood Cells(R.B.C.)
➖ 100 to 120 days

🔸 Life span of White Blood Cell(W.B.C.)
➖ 3-4 days

🔸 Normal White Blood Cell(W.B.C.) count
➖ 5000-10000/cubic mm

🔸 Time taken by R.B.C. to complete one cycle of circulation:
➖ 20 seconds

🔸 Other name of Red Blood Cell (R.B.C.):
➖ Erythrocytes

🔸 Largest White Blood Cells:
➖ Monocytes

🔸 Smallest White Blood Cells:
➖ Lymphocyte

🔸 Who discovered Blood Group:
➖ Karl Landsteiner

🔸 Blood Platelets count:
➖ 150,000 - 400,000 platelets per micro litre

🔸 Haemoglobin (Hb):
➖ In male: 14-15 gm/100 c.c. of blood
➖ In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c. of blood

🔸 Hb content in body:
➖ 500-700 gm

🔸 pH of Urine:
➖ 6.5-8

🔸 pH of Blood:
➖ 7.36-7.41

🔸 Volume of Semen:
➖ 2-5 ml/ejaculation

🔸 Pulse rate:
➖ 72 per minute

🔸 Thinnest Skin:
➖ Eyelids

🔸 Weight of Heart:
➖ 200-300 gm

〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰

Male Reproductive System

1. The elastic tissue which connects the cauda epididymis to the scrotal sac is
(a) Caput epididymis
(b) Scrotal ligament
(c) Gubernaculum✅
(d) Tendinous cord

2. By the contraction of the spermatic cord, the testis of man are not taken to the abdominal cavity due to this structure
(a) fat bodies and gubernaculum present over the testis
(b) attachment of testis by gubernaculum to the scrotal sac only✅
(c) narrowness of inguinal canal
(d) both (b) and (c)


3. The seminiferous tubules of the testis are lined by the germinal epithelium consisting of
(a) spermatids
(b) cells of Sertoli✅
(c) spermatogonium
(d) spermatocytes


4. These cells of the testes secrete testosterone
(a) Sertoli cells
(b) cells of germinal epithelium
(c) Cells of Leydig or interstitial cells✅
(d) secondary spermatocytes


5. There is a connective tissue cord extending between the testis and abdominal wall known as
(a) mesenteric cord
(b) gubernaculum
(c) testis cord
(d) spermatic cord✅


6. Which of these is an accessory reproductive gland in male mammals
(a) Inguinal gland
(b) Prostate gland✅
(c) Mushroom-shaped gland
(d) Gastric gland


7. There are some special types of cells present in the seminiferous tubules known as Sertoli cells which are
(a) somatic cells
(b) germinal cells
(c) protective cells✅
(d) reproductive cells


8. Seminiferous tubules develop central lumen after
(a) Old age
(b) Prepuberal time
(c) Birth
(d) Puberty✅


9. Another name for Bulbourethral gland is
(a) Meibomian gland
(b) Prostate gland
(c) Perineal gland
(d) Cowper’s gland✅


10. In man, Cryptorchidism is the condition when
(a) testes do not descent into the scrotum✅
(b) there are two testes in each scrotum
(c) testis degenerates in the scrotum
(d) testis enlarges in the scrotum