🌺 Plant Physiology Tricks : 🌺

📍 Glycolysis steps

"Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies":

Goodness - Glucose
Gracious - Glucose-6-P
Father - Fructose-6-P
Franklin - Fructose-1,6-diP
Did - Dihydroxyacetone-P
Go - Glyceraldehyde-P
By - 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
Picking - 3-Phosphoglycerate
Pumpkins - 2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Prepare - Phosphoenolpyruvate Pies - PEP Pyruvate ·

'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-.
· 'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.

🌺 B vitamin names 🌺

📍 Trick :- "The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":

👉 In increasing order:

The - Thiamine (B1)
Rhythm - Riboflavin (B2)
Nearly - Niacin (B3)
Proved - Pyridoxine (B6)
Contagious - Cobalamin (B12)

🌺 Citric acid cycle compounds 🌺

Trick :- "Oh! Can I Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":

Oh ! - Oxaloacetate
Can - Citrate
I - Isocitrate
Keep - Ketoglutarate
Some succinate - Succinyl coA Succinate
For myself - Fumarate Malate

🌺 Citric acid cycle compounds 🌺

Trick :- "Oh Citric Acid Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny Molecule":

Oh - Oxaloacetate
Citric - Citrate
Acid - Aconitate
Is - Isocitrate
Ofcourse - Oxalosuccinate
A - Alpha-ketoglutarate
SilLy sTupid - SuccinyL-CoA SuccinTe
Funny molecule - Fumarate Malate

📍*SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe*

🌺Citric acid cycle compounds🌺

Trick :- "Can I Ask Sharon Stone For My Orgasm?":

Citrate Isocitrate
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA Succinate
Fumerate Maleate Oxaloacetate

🌺Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation🌺

Trick :- "4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy"

Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
4 NADH FADH2 3 CO2 1 GTP


Enzymes classification

Trick :- "Over The HILL":

Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases

👉 Enzymes get reaction over the hill.

For More Scroll Up 👆 Wait For Next Post 👇'

𝚂𝚘𝚖𝚎 𝙸𝚖𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚝𝚊𝚗𝚝 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚗𝚐 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚔𝚜 𝚋𝚎𝚝𝚠𝚎𝚎𝚗 𝙶𝚛𝚘𝚞𝚙𝚜 : ---


1. Bacteria & Fungi
👉 Actinomycetes

2. Reptiles & Birds
👉 Archaeopteryx

3. Chordates & Non-chordates
👉 Balanoglossus

4. Cartilaginous & Bony fishes
👉 Chimera (Rabbit fish/Ratfish)

5. Bryophytes & Pteridophytes
👉 Club moss

6. Coelenterates & Platyhelminthes
👉 Ctenophora

7. Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms
👉 Cycas

8. Reptiles & Mammals
👉 Echidna (Spiny ant eater)

9. Animals & Plants
👉 Euglena

10. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
👉 Gnetum

11. Protista & Bryophytes
👉 Hornworts

12. Pisces & Amphibia
👉 Latimeria

13. Protista & Fungi
👉 Myxomycetes

14. Annelida & Mollusca
👉 Neopilina

15. Reptiles & Mammals
👉 Ornithorhynchus (Duck billed platypus)

16. Annelida & Arthropoda
👉 Peripatus (walking worm)

17. Protozoa & Porifera
👉 Proterospongia

18. Bony fishes & Amphibia
👉 Protopterus (Lung fishes)

19. Virus & Bacteria
👉 Rickettsia

20. Amphibia & Reptiles
👉 Seymouria

21. Amphibia & Reptilia
👉 Sphenodon (Living fossil lizard)

22. Echinodermata & Chordata
👉 Tornaria larva

23. Annelida & Mollusca
👉 Trochophore larva

24. Living & non-living
👉 Virus

25. Protozoa & Metazoa
👉 Xenoturbella

Shapes in NCERT BIOLOGY
💥NEET TIPS AND TRICKS💥
1. Pollen grains are generally : Spherical
2. Nucleous : Spherical
3. Centriole: Cylindrical
4. Mitochondrial: Sausage shaped or cylindrical
5. RBCs: Round and biconcave
6.Mesophyll cell: Round and oval
7.Trachied : Elongated
8. Columnar epithelium : Long and narrow
9. WBSs : Amoeboid
10. Nerve cell(longest cell) : long and branched
11. Henle's loop : Hairpin bend
12. Stomach : J-shaped
13. Spleen and kidney : Bean shaped
14. Thymus : Lobed organ
15. Patella : cup shaped
16. Bowman's capsule : Double walled cup like structure
17. Heart : Clenched fist (size)
18. Oxygen dissociation curve : Sigmoid

Very Important Points💥Microbes in Human Welfare💥

Some other common products of yeast fermentation are –

🌟1. Beer – It is produced from Hordeum VulgareBarely malt and alcohol content is 3-6%

🌟2. Wine – Produced from grapes, alcohol content is 10-20%.

🌟3. Brandy – Produced by distilation of wine and alcohol content is 60-70%

🌟4. Gin – Produced from European Rye-Scale cereal, alcohol content is 40%.

🌟5. Rum – Produced from Molasses of Sugarcane and alcohol contents is 40%

🧜‍♂️Vitamins_Deficiency🧜‍♂️



1- Vitamin “A”: Night blindness

2- Vitamin “B1”: Beriberi

3- Vitamin “B2”: Ariboflavinosis

4- Vitamin “B3”: Pellagra

5- Vitamin “B5”: Parestheia

6- Vitamin “B6”: Anemia

7- Vitamin “B7”: Dermititis and enteritis

8- Vitamin “B9” - “B12”: Megaloblastic anemia

9- Vitamin “B17”: Cancer

10- Vitamin “C”: Scurvy and swelling of gums

11- Vitamin “D”: Rickets and Osteomalacia

12- Vitamin “E”: less fertility

13- Vitamin “K”: Non-Clotting of blood

🍒BORON:
•In casting of copper as a dioxidizer
•Boron rods used in automic reactor.
•Boron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
•In composite material of aircraft
•Used in braintumer therapy.

🍒 BORAX:
•As a flux for soldring metal.
•In borex bead test
•In softning of water
•Antiseptic
•Manufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
•For making optical and borosilicals SS.
•Food preservative

🍒 ALUMINIUM:
• Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
• Electric wire.
•Thermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
•For transportin nitric acid.
•AI, Hg used as reducing agent.
•Aluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.

🍒 LEAD [Pb]:
•In making telegraph and telephone wires
•Making bullets
•Making chamber in HSO, process.

🍒 NITROGEN:
•In the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
•Liquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
•Inert atmosphere in metallurgy.
•Gas thermometer and electrical bulb

🍒 NH3:
• Refrigeration
•Manufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
•Artificial Silk.
• Urea Formation
•For solvent

🍒 HNO3:
• Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
•In explosive
• For making nitroglycerine.
• Making TNT.
• Pickling against of stainless steel.
• Etching of Metal
•Oxidizer in rocket fule.🍒BORON:
•In casting of copper as a dioxidizer
•Boron rods used in automic reactor.
•Boron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
•In composite material of aircraft
•Used in braintumer therapy.

🍒 BORAX:
•As a flux for soldring metal.
•In borex bead test
•In softning of water
•Antiseptic
•Manufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
•For making optical and borosilicals SS.
•Food preservative

🍒 ALUMINIUM:
• Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
• Electric wire.
•Thermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
•For transportin nitric acid.
•AI, Hg used as reducing agent.
•Aluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.

🍒 LEAD [Pb]:
•In making telegraph and telephone wires
•Making bullets
•Making chamber in HSO, process.

🍒 NITROGEN:
•In the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
•Liquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
•Inert atmosphere in metallurgy.
•Gas thermometer and electrical bulb

🍒 NH3:
• Refrigeration
•Manufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
•Artificial Silk.
• Urea Formation
•For solvent

🍒 HNO3:
• Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
•In explosive
• For making nitroglycerine.
• Making TNT.
• Pickling against of stainless steel.
• Etching of Metal
•Oxidizer in rocket fule.

💫Some Gaseous Fuels ⛽️ :

🌟(a) Water gas or syn gas = CO + H2

🌟(b) Producer gas = CO + N2

🌟(c) Semi water gas = CO + N2 + H2

🌟(d) Natural gas = CH4

🌟(e) Coal gas = CO2 + CO + H2 + CH4

All the best guys👍🏻❤️

Fod ke ana🥲🔥

Stem modifications:

Trick 🌟 -
Food & suits of runners, stolen by ten thousand cunning people.

Food (tuber, rhizome, corm, bulb)
Sucker
Offset
Runner
Stolon
Tendril
Thorn
Cladode
Phylloclade


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🌀♻️Atoms & Molecules♻️🌀

Around 500 BC, an Indian Philosopher Maharishi Kanad, first time postulated the concept of indivisible part of matter and named it ‘pramanu.’

In 1808, John Dalton used the term ‘atom’ and postulated the atomic theory to the study of matter.


🔅Dalton’s Atomic Theory
➖According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matter, whether an element, a compound or a mixture is composed of small particles called atoms.
➖According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matters, whether they are elements, compounds, or mixtures, are composed of small particles known as atoms.

🔅Salient features of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
➖All matter is made of very miniscule particles known as atoms.
➖Atom is an indivisible particle, which cannot be created or destroyed through chemical reaction.
➖All atoms of an element are identical in mass and chemical properties whereas, atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties.
➖To form a compound, atoms are combined in the ratio of small whole numbers.
➖In a given compound, the relative number and kinds of atoms are constant.

🔅Atomic Mass
➖The mass of an atom of a chemical element; it is expressed in atomic mass units (symbol is u).
➖The atomic mass is roughly equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons present in the atom.
➖One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to the exactly one-twelfth (1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon-12 and the relative atomic masses of all elements have been calculated with respect to an atom of carbon-12.

🔅Molecule
➖The smallest particle of an element or a compound, which is capable to exist independently and shows all the properties of the respective substance.
➖A molecule, normally, is a group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together.
➖Atoms of the same element or of different elements can join (with chemical bond) together to form molecules.
➖The number of atoms that constitute a molecule is known as its atomicity.

🔅Ion
➖A charged particle is known as ion; it could be either negative charge or positive charge.
➖The positively charged ion is known as a ‘cation’.
➖The negatively charged ion is known as an ‘anion.’

🔅Chemical Formulae
➖A chemical formula of a compound demonstrations its constituent elements and the number of atoms of each combining element.
➖The chemical formula of a compound is the symbolic representation of its Composition.
➖The combining capacity of an element is known as its ‘valency.’

🔅Molecular Mass
➖The molecular mass of a substance is calculated by taking the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of respective substance. For example, the molecular mass of water is calculated as −
➖Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1u
➖Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 u

➖The water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
➖Molecular Mass of Water is = 2 × 1+ 1×16 = 18 u (u is the symbol of molecular mass).

🔅Formula Unit Mass
The formula unit mass of a substance is calculated by taking the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound.

🔅Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number
➖Avogadro was an Italian scientist who had given the concept of Avogadro Number (also known as Avogadro Constant).
➖The number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) present in 1 mole of any substance is fixed, and its value always calculated as 6.022 × 1023.
➖In 1896, Wilhelm Ostwald had introduced the concept of ‘mole;’ however, mole unit was accepted to provide a simple way of reporting a large number in 1967.

🔅Law of Conservation of Mass
During a chemical reaction, sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged, which is known as the ‘Law of Conservation of Mass.’

🔅Law of Definite Proportions
In a pure chemical compound, its elements are always present in a definite proportion by mass, which is known as the ‘Law of Definite Proportions.’

☘☘MUST SHARE WITH FRIENDS ☘☘

♨️💢Classification of solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, network (covalent) or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphdecoxide(P4O10) → Molecular

(ii) Ammonium phosphate(NH4)3PO4 → ionic

(iii) SiC → Network (Covalent)

(iv) I2 → molecular

(v) P4 → Molecular

(vi) Plastic → amorphous

(vii) Graphite → Network (Covalent)

(viii) Brass → metallic

(ix) Rb → metallic

(x) LiBR → ionic

(xi) Si → Network (Covalent)

🔊 Important One Liners on Electric Charges 🔊
------------------------------------------------------------------------

▫️ If an object is attracted by another charged body, the first object may be oppositely charged or not charged because we know both an uncharged object and an oppositely charged object are attracted by another charged object.

▫️ If an object is positively charged it loses some of its electrons. The mass of an electron is 9.11*10^-31 kg. So, if a positively charged body loses ‘n’ number of electrons, it mass decrease by the amount n*9.11E^-31kg.

▫️ Though gold is a costly metal it is used in electroscope because of the property malleability. This means very thin and light sheets can be formed from gold simply by hammering or rolling and hence the deflection of the light gold plates increases.

▫️ The divergence of the plates of the Gold-leaf oscilloscope depends only on the presence of a charge, not on the quality of charge i.e. positive or negative. So, if the charge changes from positive to negative and vice versa the degree of divergence of the plates remains the same.

▫️ The same charges repel each other. So, they try to maintain maximum distance from each other and hence they try to remain at the outer surface of an object. If the charge remains on the inner surface or throughout the body, they will repel each other with greater force.

▫️ The human body is a good conductor and hence the charge produced by friction flew through his body to the ground. We can tackle the problem simply by holding the brass rod with the help of some insulated holder.

▫️ If the apparatus is initially in contact with some positively charged body and then comes in contact with another ▫️ charged body and if the divergence increases we can deduce that the second body is also positively charged. If the divergence decreases then the second body must be negatively charged.

▫️ According to electrostatic series, glass is situated above silk. So, if the glass is rubbed with silk, the positive charge on glass and negative charge on silk is produced. Similarly, we can predict what is the nature of charge if we rub two di-electric substances together.

▫️ 1 Coulomb means 3*10^9 Electro Static Unit of charge. Coulomb and ESU are two different units of charge and their conversion formula is necessary. Coulomb is the unit of charge in the SI system and esu is the unit of charge in the CGS system.

▫️ The two spheres are oppositely charged by the same amount. So if they come in contact, both of their charges are neutralized. So they become uncharged and don’t attract or repel each other.

🔥🔥 Thermodynamics🔥🔥
™✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓

,🔥Basic Terminology🔥

⭐System-

Part of the universe under investigation.

⭐Open System-

A system which can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.

⭐Closed System-

A system which permits passage of energy but not mass, across its boundary.

⭐Isolated system-

A system which can neither exchange energy nor matter with its surrounding.

⭐Surroundings-

Part of the universe other than system, which can interact with it.

⭐Boundary-

Anything which separates system from surrounding.

⭐State variables-

The variables which are required to be defined in order to define state of any system i.e. pressure, volume, mass, temperature, surface area, etc.

⭐State Functions-

Property of system which depend only on the state of the system and not on the path. Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.

⭐Intensive properties-

Properties of a system which do not depend on mass of the system i.e. temperature, pressure, density, concentration,

⭐Extensive properties-

Properties of a system which depend on mass of the system i.e. volume, energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.

⭐Process-

Path along which state of a system changes.

⭐Isothermal process-

Process which takes place at constant temperature

⭐Isobaric process-

Process which takes place at constant pressure

⭐Isochoric process-

Process which takes place at constant volume.

⭐Adiabatic process-

Process during which transfer of heat cannot take place between system and surrounding.

⭐Cyclic process-

Process in which system comes back to its initial state after undergoing series of changes.

⭐Reversible process-

Process during which the system always departs infinitesimally from the state of equilibrium i.e. its direction can be reversed at any moment.

⭐Irriversible Process-

This type of process is fast and gets completed in a single step. This process cannot be reversed. All the natural processes are of this type.

BIOTECH SHORT NOTES

Biotechnology essentially deals with industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals


. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment and energy production.

2. Biotechnology have the following three critical research areas:

(i) To provide the best catalyst in the form of improved organism, usually a microbe or pure enzyme.

(ii) To create optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act.

(iii) Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound.