🎯Important Points of NCERT 🎯

🌟1. The world's first National Park (America) – Yellow stone National Park
🌟2. India's first National Park – Jim Corbett National Park – Nainital (Uttaranchal)
🌟3. Smallest tiger reserve in India – Ranthambore National Park - Sawaimadhopur (Rajasthan).
🌟4. Largest Tiger reserve in India – Nagarjuna Sagar Saisailum Sanctuary - Guntoor - Andhra Pradesh.
🌟5. Nandan-Kanan zoo (Bhubaneshwar - Orissa) is known for - White tiger.

🌟Some Important Info.🌟 ✔️

(i) National Forest Policy revised in – 1988.
(ii) Biodiversity act of India was passed by the Parliament in the year-2002
(iii) Forest Act–1927.
(iv) Biosphere Reserve Scheme– 1986

🌟2. Wild life protection act 1972 (Revised in 1991) :

⚡️Difference between Fimbriae and Pili

🏷 The fimbriae differ from the pili in the following ways:

〽️Pili are fine hair like microfibers having pilin – a thick tubular structure while the fimbriae are tiny bristle-like fibers emerging from the surface of the bacterial cells

〽️Pili are longer than fimbriae
Occurrence of the fimbriae in each cell is about 200-400 while the occurrence of pili are lesser than one to ten every cell

〽️Fimbriae are found in the both the gram negative and positive bacteria both, pili are present in the gram negative bacteria only

〽️The fimbriae are composed of fibrillin protein while the pilin protein makes up the pili

〽️The fimbriae are less rigid compared to the pili

〽️The formation of fimbriae is administered by the bacterial genes in the nucleoid area while the pili is administered by the plasmid genes

〽️Fimbriae plays a role in attaching cells to the surface while pili are critical in bacterial conjugation

𝙈𝙤𝙧𝙥𝙝𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙮 𝙛𝙪𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧:-

⚜Underground Stems:-

The stem of some plants lie below the soil surface. They are non-green, store food as means of perennation and vegetative propagation.

They are of following types:-

(a) Rhizome It is a prostrate thick stem growing horizontally beneath the soil surface. It has distinct nodes and internodes. The. nodes bear small scale leaves with buds in their axils, e.g., Zingiber (ginger officinale), Curcuma domestica (turmeric).

(b) Suckers These are non-green slender stem that grows horizontally in the soil and ultimately comes out to form a new aerial shoot. Each sucker contains one or more nodes with scale leaves and axillary buds, e.g., Mentha (podina), Chrysanthemum (guldaudi).

(c) Corm It is a swollen condensed form of rhizome which grows in the vertical direction in the soil. It stores a large amount of food, e.g., Amorphophallus, Colocasia (taro).

(d) Tuber It is a swollen end of underground stem branches. Each tuber has many notches on the surface called eyes or buds, which grow into new plants, e.g, Solanum tuberosum (potato).

(e) Bulb It is a highly reduced disc like stem. It bears a large number of fibrous adventitious roots at its base. Leaf bases form bulblets. The bulblets grow into new plants, e.g., Allium cepa (onion), Allium sativum (garlic).

IMP TOPIC ....🔥

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance ........⛓🧪
Chromosomal theory of inheritance was given by Walter Sutton in 1902. This theory also explains the linear structure of chromosomes with genes in particular sites which was mentioned as loci while Boveri also studied this theory separately. So, this theory is also known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. According to this theory-

(i) Genes are found at specific locations on the chromosomes.

(ii) During meiosis the homologous chromosomes separate.

(iii) After fertilization the number of chromosomes becomes diploid.

(iv) Chromosomes segregate as well as assort independently.

Mutation...🧶
The sudden changes in the sequence of DNA are known as mutations. The changes in the DNA may be heritable and will be passed onto the next generations affecting both the genotype, as well as the phenotype of an individual. The different types of mutation are frameshift mutations, insertions, deletions, duplications, substitutions, etc. Mutations may be harmful or may not affect at all.

(i) The addition or deletion of DNA bases will lead to changes in the reading frame called the Frameshift mutations.

(ii) The addition of DNA bases is known as insertions.

(iii) Removal of DNA bases is known as deletions.

(iv) If a piece of DNA is copied for more than one time is known as duplication.

Thus, these mutations will lead to a change in the DNA sequence resulting in the formation of the wrong protein.

Movement and locomotion skeletal system:-

1. Skull bones
2. Vertebral column
3. Sternum
4. Ribs
5. Fore limbs , Hind limbs
6. Girdles
7. Joints
8. Disorders of bones

P.S. hyoid bone is only bone which is not attached with any other one of the body.

Tongue is attached with hyoid bone✨ 🌸

❤️SOME TERMS RELATED TO EVOLUTION❤️

💠Adaptation:

🔶Changing to fit a niche or survive in an environment

💠Anatomy:

🔶Study of the structures of organisms

💠Artificial Selection:

🔶Characteristics selected by humans

💠Biogeography:

🔶Study of how species are distributed across the Earth

💠Biological Species:

🔶Individuals that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

💠Catastrophism:

🔶Changes in species that happen because of quick and often violent natural phenomena

💠Cladistics:

🔶Method of classifying species in groups based on ancestral relationships

💠Cladogram:

🔶Diagram of how species are related

💠Coevolution:

🔶One species changing in response to changes in another species that it interacts with, particularly predator/prey relationships

💠Creationism:

🔶Belief that a higher power created all life

💠Darwinism:

🔶Term commonly used as a synonym for evolution

💠Descent With Modification:

🔶Passing down traits that might change over time

💠Directional Selection:

🔶Type of natural selection in which an extreme characteristic is favored


💠Disruptive Selection:

🔶Type of natural selection that favors both extremes and selects against the average characteristics

💠Embryology:

🔶Study of the earliest stages of development of an organism

💠Endosymbiotic Theory:

🔶Currently accepted theory as to how cells evolved

💠Eukaryote:

🔶Organism made of cells that have membrane-bound organelles

💠Evolution:

🔶Change in populations over time

💠Fossil Record:

🔶All known traces of past life ever found

💠Fundamental Niche:

🔶All available roles an individual can play in an ecosystem

💠Genetics:

🔶Study of traits and how they are passed down from generation to generation

💠Gradualism:

🔶Changes in species that happen over long periods of time

💠Habitat:

🔶Area in which an organism lives

💠Homologous Structures:

🔶Body parts on different species that are similar and most likely evolved from a common ancestor

💠Hydrothermal Vents:

🔶Very hot areas in the ocean where primitive life might have begun

💠Intelligent Design:

🔶Belief that a higher power created life and its changes

💠Macroevolution:

🔶Changes in populations at the species level, including ancestral relationships

💠Mass Extinction:

🔶Event in which large numbers of species died out completely

💠Microevolution:

🔶Changes in species at a molecular or gene level.....

Name Reactions Of Halides🙂

🍒BORON:
•In casting of copper as a dioxidizer
•Boron rods used in automic reactor.
•Boron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
•In composite material of aircraft
•Used in braintumer therapy.

🍒 BORAX:
•As a flux for soldring metal.
•In borex bead test
•In softning of water
•Antiseptic
•Manufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
•For making optical and borosilicals SS.
•Food preservative

🍒 ALUMINIUM:
• Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
• Electric wire.
•Thermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
•For transportin nitric acid.
•AI, Hg used as reducing agent.
•Aluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.

🍒 LEAD [Pb]:
•In making telegraph and telephone wires
•Making bullets
•Making chamber in HSO, process.

🍒 NITROGEN:
•In the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
•Liquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
•Inert atmosphere in metallurgy.
•Gas thermometer and electrical bulb

🍒 NH3:
• Refrigeration
•Manufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
•Artificial Silk.
• Urea Formation
•For solvent

🍒 HNO3:
• Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
•In explosive
• For making nitroglycerine.
• Making TNT.
• Pickling against of stainless steel.
• Etching of Metal
•Oxidizer in rocket fule.

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