function highlight(strings, ...values) {
  return strings.reduce((result, str, i) => {
    const value = values[i] ? `<span>${values[i]}</span>` : '';
    return result + str + value;
  }, '');
}

const language = 'JavaScript';
const years = 10;

const result = highlight`I have been coding in ${language} for ${years} years`;
console.log(result);

function createCounter() {
  let count = 0;
  
  return {
    increment() {
      count++;
      return count;
    },
    decrement() {
      count--;
      return count;
    },
    getValue() {
      return count;
    }
  };
}

const counter1 = createCounter();
const counter2 = createCounter();

counter1.increment();
counter1.increment();
counter2.increment();
counter1.decrement();

console.log(counter1.getValue() + counter2.getValue());

class ShoppingCart {
  constructor() {
    if (ShoppingCart.instance) {
      return ShoppingCart.instance;
    }
    
    this.items = [];
    ShoppingCart.instance = this;
  }
  
  addItem(item) {
    this.items.push(item);
  }
  
  getItems() {
    return [...this.items];
  }
}

const cart1 = new ShoppingCart();
const cart2 = new ShoppingCart();

cart1.addItem('Book');
cart2.addItem('Laptop');

console.log(cart1.getItems());

const templateFn = (strings, ...values) => {
  return strings.reduce((result, str, i) => {
    const value = values[i] !== undefined ? 
      (typeof values[i] === 'number' ? values[i] * 2 : values[i]) : '';
    return result + str + value;
  }, '');
};

const num = 5;
const str = 'world';

const result = templateFn`Hello ${str}, ${num} times ${'!'}`;
console.log(result);

function processConfig(config) {
  const settings = {
    timeout: config.timeout ?? 1000,
    retries: config.retries ?? 3,
    logging: config.logging ?? false,
    debug: config.debug || true
  };
  
  return settings;
}

const userConfig = {
  timeout: 0,
  retries: null,
  logging: false,
  debug: false
};

console.log(processConfig(userConfig));

const createMathOps = (base) => {
  return {
    add: (x) => base + x,
    multiply: (x) => base * x
  };
};

const createAdvancedMathOps = (base) => {
  const basicOps = createMathOps(base);
  return {
    ...basicOps,
    square: () => basicOps.multiply(base),
    addThenSquare: (x) => {
      const added = basicOps.add(x);
      return added * added;
    }
  };
};

const calculator = createAdvancedMathOps(5);
console.log(calculator.addThenSquare(3));

const obj = { name: 'Alice', age: 30 };  
const handler = {
  get(target, prop) {
    return prop in target ? target[prop] : `Property '${prop}' doesn't exist`;
  }
};

const proxy = new Proxy(obj, handler);

const descriptors = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(obj);
Reflect.defineProperty(obj, 'city', {
  value: 'New York',
  enumerable: false
});

console.log(proxy.city, proxy.country);

const text = 'Today is 2023-12-31 and tomorrow is 2024-01-01';
const dateRegex = /(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})/g;

let result = '';
let match;

while ((match = dateRegex.exec(text)) !== null) {
  const [fullMatch, year, month, day] = match;
  result += `${day}/${month}/${year.slice(2)} `;
}

console.log(result.trim());