class EventEmitter {
  constructor() { this.events = {}; }
  on(event, fn) { (this.events[event] ||= []).push(fn); }
  emit(event, data) { this.events[event]?.forEach(fn => fn(data)); }
}

class Logger {
  log(msg) { console.log(`LOG: ${msg}`); }
}

class Counter {
  constructor() { this.count = 0; }
  increment() { this.count++; console.log(this.count); }
}

function withLogging(target) {
  const logger = new Logger();
  return new Proxy(target, {
    get(obj, prop) {
      if (typeof obj[prop] === 'function') {
        return function(...args) {
          logger.log(`calling ${prop}`);
          return obj[prop].apply(obj, args);
        };
      }
      return obj[prop];
    }
  });
}

const emitter = withLogging(new EventEmitter());
const counter = new Counter();
emitter.on('tick', () => counter.increment());
emitter.emit('tick');
emitter.emit('tick');

class Animal {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
  }
  speak() {
    return `${this.name} makes a sound`;
  }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  speak() {
    return super.speak() + ' and barks';
  }
}

const pet = new Dog('Rex');
console.log(pet.speak());
console.log(pet instanceof Animal);
console.log(pet.constructor.name);