Static Method in Java
A method that has the static keyword in the declaration is known as the static method. In other words, a method that belongs to a class rather than an instance of a class is known as a static method. We can also create a static method by using the keyword static before the method name. The main benefit of a static method is that we can invoke the static method without even creating an object. It can access static data members and also change their values and is also used to create an instance method. The main() method is a common example of the static method.

public class Demo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
displaymethod();
}
static void display()
{
System.out.println("It is an example of static method");
}
}

Output:

It is an example of a static method.

Abstract Method in Java
A method that is declared with keyword abstract is called an abstract method. The abstract method does not have an implementation or body, or block of code. The abstract method must always be declared in an abstract class, or we can say that if a class has an abstract method, it should be declared abstract. If a class has an abstract method, it should be declared abstract, but vice versa is not true, which means that an abstract class doesn’t need to have an abstract method compulsory. Also, If a normal class extends an abstract class, then the class must have to implement all the abstract parent class’s abstract methods, or it has to be declared abstract.

// abstract class area
abstract class Area {
/* These two are abstract methods. the child class
* must implement these methods
*/
public abstract int areaSquare(int s);
public abstract int areaRectangle(int l, int b);
// normal method
public void display() {
System.out.println("Normal method in abstract class Area");
}
}
// normal class extends the abstract class
class Demo extends Area{

/* If we don't provide the implementation of these two methods, the
* program will throw compilation error
* /
public int areaSquare(int s) {
return s*s;
}
public int areaRectangle(int l, int b) {
return l*b;
}

public static void main(String args[]) {
Area a = new Demo();
System.out.println("Area of square " + a.areaSquare(9));
System.out.println("Area of rectangle " + a.areaRectangle(3,4));
a.display();
}
}

output

Final Method in Java
A method that is declared final is called a final method. We cannot override a final method. This means the child class can still call the final method of the parent class without any problem, but it cannot override it. This is because the main purpose of making a method final is to stop the modification of the method by the sub-class.

class DemoParent {
final void method() {
System.out.println("Parent class final method");
}
}

class Demo extends DemoParent {
// error
void method() {
System.out.println("final method modified inside child class");
}

public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo d = new Demo();
d.method();
}
}

The above code will throw an error as we are trying to modify the final method inside the child class(demo) of the parent class(demoParent).

class DemoParent {
final void method() {
System.out.println("Parent class final method");
}
}

class Demo extends DemoParent {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo d = new Demo();
d.method();
}
}

output

Equals Method in Java
As the name suggests in java, .equals() is a method used to compare two objects for equality. The .equals() method in java is used to check if the two strings have similar values. It checks them character by character. One should not confuse .equals() method with == operator. The String equals() method compares the two given strings based on the content of the string, whereas the == operator is used for address comparison. If all the contents of both the strings are the same, then .equals() returns true otherwise, it returns false. If all characters are not matched, then it returns false.

Let us understand this with the help of an example:

public class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s1 = "GreatLearning";
String s2 = "GreatLearning";
String s3 = new String("GreatLearning");
System.out.println(s1 == s2); // true
System.out.println(s1 == s3); // false
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); // true
System.out.println(s1.equals(s3)); // true
}
}

Even though s1 and s3 are created with the same field(content), they are pointing to two different objects in memory. Hence at different addresses. Therefore == operator gives false and .equals() method gives true as both contain similar content greatLearning.

Message Passing in Java
Message Passing in terms of computers is a communication phenomenon between the processes. It is a kind of communication used in object-oriented programming. Message passing in Java is the same as sending an object, i.e., a message from one thread to another thread. It is utilized when threads do not have shared memory and are not able to share monitors or any other shared variables to communicate. In message passing calling program sends a message to a process and relies on that process to run its own functionality or code. Message passing is easy to implement, has faster performance, and we can build massive parallel models by using it.

There are two types of it: Synchronous and Asynchronous.

Synchronous message passing occurs when the objects run at the same time.
In the case of an Asynchronous message passing, the receiving object can be down or busy when the requesting object sends the message.

Constructors in java
In Java, a constructor is a block of codes similar to the method. It is called when an instance of the class is created. At the time of calling constructor, memory for the object is allocated in the memory.

It is a special type of method which is used to initialize the object.

Every time an object is created using the new() keyword, at least one constructor is called.

It calls a default constructor if there is no constructor available in the class. In such case, Java compiler provides a default constructor by default.

There are two types of constructors in Java: no-arg constructor, and parameterized constructor.

Note: It is called constructor because it constructs the values at the time of object creation. It is not necessary to write a constructor for a class. It is because java compiler creates a default constructor if your class doesn't have any.

Rules for Creating Java constructor
There are two rules defined for the constructor.
1.Constructor name must be the same as its class name
2.A Constructor must have no explicit return type
3.A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, and synchronized

Note: We can use access modifiers while declaring a constructor. It controls the object creation. In other words, we can have private, protected public or default constructor in java

Types of Java constructors
There are two type of constructors in java:
1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor)
2. Parameterized constructor