In the above example, a new object is created, and it returns the value of x which may be the number of books.

Mybook Myobj= new Mybook ();

This is the statement used for creating objects.

System.out.println(Myobj.x);

This statement is used to return the value of x of an object.

We can also create multiple objects in the same class and we can create in one class and access it in another class. This method is used for better organization of classes and always remember that name of the java file and the class name remains the same.

Example 2:
The below example shows how multiple objects are created in the same class and how they are accessed from another class.

* Mybook.java
Public class Mybook {
int x=10;
int y=8;
}

* count.java
Class Count {
Public static void main(String[] args)
{
Mybook myobj1 = new myobj1();
Mybook myobj2 = new myobj2();
System.out.println(myobj1.x);
System.out.println(myobj2,y);
}
}

What are Classes ?
Classes are like object constructors for creating objects. The collection of objects is said to be a class. Classes are said to be logical quantities. Classes don’t consume any space in the memory. Class is also called a template of an object. Classes have members which can be fields, methods and constructors. A class has both static and instance initializers.

A class declaration consists of:

1. Modifiers: These can be public or default access.
2. Class name: Initial letter.
3. Superclass: A class can only extend (subclass) one parent.
4. Interfaces: A class can implement more than one interface.
5. Body: Body surrounded by braces, { }.

A class keyword is used to create a class. A simplified general form of the class definition is given below:

class classname {
type instance variable 1;
type instance variable 2;
.
.
.
type instance variable n;
type methodname 1 (parameter list) {
// body od method
}
type methodname 2 (parameter list) {
// body od method
}
type methodnamen(parameter list) {
// body od method
}
}

The variables or data defined within a class are called instance variables. Code is always contained in the methods. Therefore, the methods and variables defined within a class are called members of the class. All the methods have the same form as the main () these methods are not specified as static or public.

What is Abstract ?
Abstraction is a process which displays only the information needed and hides the unnecessary information. We can say that the main purpose of abstraction is data hiding. Abstraction means selecting data from a large number of data to show the information needed, which helps in reducing programming complexity and efforts.

There are also abstract classes and abstract methods. An abstract class is a type of class that declares one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that has a method definition but not implementation. Once we have modelled our object using data abstraction, the same sets of data can also be used in different applications—abstract classes, generic types of behaviours and object-oriented programming hierarchy. Abstract methods are used when two or more subclasses do the same task in different ways and through different implementations. An abstract class can have both methods, i.e., abstract methods and regular methods.

Now let us see an example related to abstraction.

Suppose we want to create a student application and ask to collect information about the student.

We collect the following information.

Name
Class
Address
Dob
Fathers name
Mothers’ names and so on.

We may not require every information that we have collected to fill out the application. So, we select the data that is required to fill out the application. Hence, we have fetched, removed, and selected the data, the student information from large data. This process is known as abstraction in the oops concept.

// abstract parent class
Abstract class animal {
// abstract method
public abstract void sound();
}
public class lion extends animal {
public void sound() {
System.out.println("roar");
}
public Static void main(String args[]) {
animal obj = new lion();
obj.sound();
}
}

output

What is Inheritance ?
Inheritance is a method in which one object acquires/inherits another object’s properties, and inheritance also supports hierarchical classification. The idea behind this is that we can create new classes built on existing classes, i.e., when you inherit from an existing class, we can reuse methods and fields of the parent class. Inheritance represents the parent-child relationship.

For example, a whale is a part of the classification of marine animals, which is part of class mammal, which is under that class of animal. We use hierarchical classification, i.e., top-down classification. If we want to describe a more specific class of animals such as mammals, they would have more specific attributes such as teeth; cold-blooded, warm-blooded, etc. This comes under the subclass of animals whereas animals come under the superclass. The subclass is a class which inherits properties of the superclass. This is also called a derived class. A superclass is a base class or parental class from which a subclass inherits properties.

We use inheritance mainly for method overriding and R:

To inherit a class, we use the extend keyword.

There are five types of inheritance single, multilevel, multiple, hybrid and hierarchical.

* single
In this one class i.e., the derived class inherits properties from its parental class. This enables code reusability and also adds new features to the code. Example: class b inherits properties from class a.

Class A is the base or parental class and class b is the derived class.

Class a {
...
}
Class b extends class a {
...
}

* Multilevel

This one class is derived from another class which is also derived from another class i.e., this class has more than one parental class, hence it is called multilevel inheritance.

Class a {
...
}
Class b extends class a {
..
}
Class c extends class b {
...
}

* Hierarchical level

In this one parental class has two or more derived classes or we can say that two or more child classes have one parental class.

Class a {
..
}
Class b extends class a {
..
}
Class c extends class a {
..
}

* Hybrid inheritance
This is the combination of multiple and multilevel inheritances and in java, multiple inheritances are not supported as it leads to ambiguity and this type of inheritance can only be achieved through interfaces.

Consider that class a is the parental or base class of class b and class c and in turn, class b and class c are parental or a base class of class d. Class b and class c are derived classes from class a and class d is derived class from class b and class c.

The following program creates a superclass called add and a subclass called sub, using extend keyword to create a subclass add.