شرح علي رسمة نفس هذي ومحطهش في الشيت
والمقصود منها انه الدواء مايشتغلش في الresting state لأنه الدواء مايقدرش يصكر الactivation gate

A A D A

أسئلة الدكتور في local anesthesia

#pharmacology

المهم
اسماء old and newer drugs
Mechanism مهمات ( 7 )نقاط و كل دواء على شنو يشتغل يجن mcq

Uses ?

جدول DOC in different types of
epilepsy مهم و ضروري يجي في الامتحان خصوصا First line ( Absence epilepsy in children DOC?)

A/E of: phenytoin,carbamazepine,
valproat. الجدول مهم جداا

A/E newer drugs >v v v imp

Guidelines

How to manage status epilepsy? ممكن شورت نوت او اورال

S/E Gabapentin مهم ان يدير peripheral edema

Explain why we not prefer use phenytoin??? vvv imp

Case 3 جابتها السنه يلي فاتت

#pharmacology
Epilepsy

Seizures can happen due to different factors such as head injuries, infections, fevers, drug withdrawals, or other medical conditions. They are a result of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to temporary changes in behavior, movement, or consciousness.

Epilepsy, on the other hand, is diagnosed when a person experiences two or more unprovoked seizures separated by at least 24 hours. These seizures are not caused by an immediate trigger, such as a fever or head injury. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by a predisposition to have recurrent seizures. It can have various causes, including genetic factors, brain injuries, structural abnormalities in the brain, or unknown origins.

In summary, a seizure is the transient event or symptom characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, whereas epilepsy is a medical condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures can occur in epilepsy as well as in other conditions, but epilepsy specifically refers to the chronic tendency to have recurring seizures.

Seizures can be classified into different types based on their characteristics and the area of the brain affected. Here are some common types of seizures:

1- Generalized Seizures: These seizures involve widespread electrical discharges that affect both sides of the brain. Generalized seizures can be further categorized into subtypes:

- Absence Seizures: Also known as petit mal seizures, these seizures primarily affect children and are characterized by brief episodes of staring into space or subtle movements like eye blinking.
- Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Formerly known as grand mal seizures, these seizures involve loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles (tonic phase), followed by rhythmic jerking movements (clonic phase). It is the stereotypical seizure often depicted in movies and TV shows.
- Myoclonic Seizures: These seizures cause sudden, brief muscle contractions or jerks, usually in the arms or legs.
- Atonic Seizures: Also called drop seizures, they lead to a sudden loss of muscle tone, causing a person to collapse or fall.


2- Focal Seizures: Formerly referred to as partial seizures, focal seizures originate in a specific area of the brain and can either remain localized or spread to involve larger brain regions. Focal seizures are further divided into two types:

- Focal Onset Aware Seizures: These seizures do not cause a loss of consciousness. The person remains aware but experiences unusual sensations or emotions. They may also have involuntary movements, sensory changes, or hallucinations.
- Focal Onset Impaired Awareness Seizures: In these seizures, consciousness is altered or lost. The person may exhibit repetitive movements, confusion, staring, or automatisms (repetitive behaviors like lip-smacking or hand movements).


3- Unknown Onset Seizures: Some seizures cannot be classified into generalized or focal seizures due to insufficient information about the seizure onset or limited diagnostic tools.

اليوم قالت الدكتورة لازم تعرف تفرز بين انواع السيجرز
هذا الي لقيته لو حد مهتم

Convulsion is a term often used interchangeably with seizure, but it specifically refers to the involuntary contractions or spasms of muscles that may occur during a seizure. Convulsions can involve rhythmic jerking movements, shaking, stiffening of muscles, or other abnormal motor activity. However, not all seizures necessarily involve convulsions. Seizures can manifest in different forms, ranging from subtle changes in awareness or sensation to dramatic convulsive movements.

L Dopa اي معلومه عليه مهمه

اسماء ادوية combination يجن mcq

اهم حاجه في A/E هي on-off phenomen مهمه بكل

جدول dopamine agonist (اهم واحد في Non erg alk هو Apomorphine)

MAOİsاي احسن واحد
نفس الشي COMTis

S/E of Amantadine ➡️antiviral drug+in early Parkinsons ds

(Stalevo)من شن متكون ؟

C/İ ?

S/E of N- ergot alkaloids

Pramipexol : used for restless leg
benztropine : نفس الشيء

Explain why N- ergot alkaloids is preferred than ergot?

Ex why low protein diet is advised in park ds ????

Ex why B6 should be avoided???

#pharmacology
Parkinsonism

اهم حاجات في محاضرة د سماح
الكميات متاع الدواء مش مهمه

جرعة الدواء*