Forwarded from IBTIL TOEFL iBT💎
Manifold
Charles Harrington Elster
Word of the Day: MANIFOLD (MAN-i-fohld)
Numerous and varied, consisting of many kinds, containing many elements, features, or characteristics: a large company with manifold operations and divisions; a challenging executive position with manifold responsibilities. Manifold may sound like a fancy substitute for many, but it's not. While many simply means much, a lot, manifold emphasizes variety, diversity. If your job has manifold duties then the things you do are both numerous and
varied. Equally difficult synonyms of manifold are multifarious (MUHL-ti-FAIR -ee-us) and multitudinous (MUHL-ti-T(Y)OO-di-nus). Both manifold and multifarious mean having great variety or diversity: The human race is multifarious, and human nature is even more complex and manifold.Multitudinous means containing a multitude, consisting of a great number of persons or things: “After his promotion to management, Bob was sometimes overwhelmed by mountains of paperwork and multitudinous administrative chores.”
Numerous and varied, consisting of many kinds, containing many elements, features, or characteristics: a large company with manifold operations and divisions; a challenging executive position with manifold responsibilities. Manifold may sound like a fancy substitute for many, but it's not. While many simply means much, a lot, manifold emphasizes variety, diversity. If your job has manifold duties then the things you do are both numerous and
varied. Equally difficult synonyms of manifold are multifarious (MUHL-ti-FAIR -ee-us) and multitudinous (MUHL-ti-T(Y)OO-di-nus). Both manifold and multifarious mean having great variety or diversity: The human race is multifarious, and human nature is even more complex and manifold.Multitudinous means containing a multitude, consisting of a great number of persons or things: “After his promotion to management, Bob was sometimes overwhelmed by mountains of paperwork and multitudinous administrative chores.”
INTEMPERATE (adj.)
Lacking restraint; excessive
TEMPERATE (adj.)
Exercising moderation and restraint
INTEMPERATE habits such as smoking, drinking, and overeating are inimical to good health. In contrast, a TEMPERATE person leads a lifestyle characterized by moderation and self-restraint. Bluto (Animal House), Frank "The Tank" (Old School), and Ben Stone (Knocked Up) were all fun-loving, INTEMPERATE party animals.
Quick Quiz
Someone who is intemperate in eating —-------------.
A. follows a strict dietary regimen
B. is a very picky eater
C. eats excessively
Answer: C
@ibtilTOEFLiBTGREIELTS
Lacking restraint; excessive
TEMPERATE (adj.)
Exercising moderation and restraint
INTEMPERATE habits such as smoking, drinking, and overeating are inimical to good health. In contrast, a TEMPERATE person leads a lifestyle characterized by moderation and self-restraint. Bluto (Animal House), Frank "The Tank" (Old School), and Ben Stone (Knocked Up) were all fun-loving, INTEMPERATE party animals.
Quick Quiz
Someone who is intemperate in eating —-------------.
A. follows a strict dietary regimen
B. is a very picky eater
C. eats excessively
Answer: C
@ibtilTOEFLiBTGREIELTS
VIABLE (adj.) , FEASIBLE (adj.)
Both mean capable of being accomplished; possible
Soaring oil costs and worries about global warming have prompted a search for VIABLE alternatives to gasoline. Many believe that biofuels, such as corn ethanol, are the most FEASIBLE alternative to America's dependence upon imported oil. Indeed, investments in biofuels soared from $5 billion in 1995 to $38 billion in 2005 and are expected to top $no billion in 2010. But critics argue that corn ethanol is neither VIABLE nor cost-effective. By diverting grain from dinner plates to fuel tanks, biofuels are raising world food prices. The grain it takes to fill an SUV tank with ethanol could feed a person for a year.
Quick Quiz:
Nuclear energy is the only viable alternative to coal or gas; we can —----------.
A) use for a short time at least
B) count on it to serve us effectively
C) use it to produce fossil fuels
Answer: B
@ibtilTOEFLiBTGREIELTS
Both mean capable of being accomplished; possible
Soaring oil costs and worries about global warming have prompted a search for VIABLE alternatives to gasoline. Many believe that biofuels, such as corn ethanol, are the most FEASIBLE alternative to America's dependence upon imported oil. Indeed, investments in biofuels soared from $5 billion in 1995 to $38 billion in 2005 and are expected to top $no billion in 2010. But critics argue that corn ethanol is neither VIABLE nor cost-effective. By diverting grain from dinner plates to fuel tanks, biofuels are raising world food prices. The grain it takes to fill an SUV tank with ethanol could feed a person for a year.
Quick Quiz:
Nuclear energy is the only viable alternative to coal or gas; we can —----------.
A) use for a short time at least
B) count on it to serve us effectively
C) use it to produce fossil fuels
Answer: B
@ibtilTOEFLiBTGREIELTS
AMALGAM (n.)
A mixture; blend, combination of different elements
Rap star Ludacris' name is actually an AMALGAM. He combined his birth name Cris and his radio handle Luda to COIN (Word 269) the new name - LUDACRIS!
Similarly, rap star Jay-Z's name is also an AMALGAM. Shawn Carter grew up in Brooklyn near where the J-Z subway line has a stop on Marcy Avenue. Carter's friends nicknamed him "Jazzy." Carter later combined the name of the subway line with his nickname to COIN the new name Jay-Z!
Quick Quiz:
History is an amalgam of fact and fiction, which means whatever included in history —-------.
A. may not have actually happened
B. is the origin of dreams and fantasies
C. can be interpreted through literature
Answer: A
@ibtilTOEFLiBTGREIELTS
A mixture; blend, combination of different elements
Rap star Ludacris' name is actually an AMALGAM. He combined his birth name Cris and his radio handle Luda to COIN (Word 269) the new name - LUDACRIS!
Similarly, rap star Jay-Z's name is also an AMALGAM. Shawn Carter grew up in Brooklyn near where the J-Z subway line has a stop on Marcy Avenue. Carter's friends nicknamed him "Jazzy." Carter later combined the name of the subway line with his nickname to COIN the new name Jay-Z!
Quick Quiz:
History is an amalgam of fact and fiction, which means whatever included in history —-------.
A. may not have actually happened
B. is the origin of dreams and fantasies
C. can be interpreted through literature
Answer: A
@ibtilTOEFLiBTGREIELTS
Word of the Day: MANIFOLD (MAN-i-fohld)
Numerous and varied, consisting of many kinds, containing many elements, features, or characteristics: a large company with manifold operations and divisions; a challenging executive position with manifold responsibilities. Manifold may sound like a fancy substitute for many, but it's not. While many simply means much, a lot, manifold emphasizes variety, diversity. If your job has manifold duties then the things you do are both numerous and
varied. Equally difficult synonyms of manifold are multifarious (MUHL-ti-FAIR -ee-us) and multitudinous (MUHL-ti-T(Y)OO-di-nus). Both manifold and multifarious mean having great variety or diversity: The human race is multifarious, and human nature is even more complex and manifold.Multitudinous means containing a multitude, consisting of a great number of persons or things: “After his promotion to management, Bob was sometimes overwhelmed by mountains of paperwork and multitudinous administrative chores.” @ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
Numerous and varied, consisting of many kinds, containing many elements, features, or characteristics: a large company with manifold operations and divisions; a challenging executive position with manifold responsibilities. Manifold may sound like a fancy substitute for many, but it's not. While many simply means much, a lot, manifold emphasizes variety, diversity. If your job has manifold duties then the things you do are both numerous and
varied. Equally difficult synonyms of manifold are multifarious (MUHL-ti-FAIR -ee-us) and multitudinous (MUHL-ti-T(Y)OO-di-nus). Both manifold and multifarious mean having great variety or diversity: The human race is multifarious, and human nature is even more complex and manifold.Multitudinous means containing a multitude, consisting of a great number of persons or things: “After his promotion to management, Bob was sometimes overwhelmed by mountains of paperwork and multitudinous administrative chores.” @ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
Dispel (v.)
to make something go away, especially a belief, idea, or feeling
Most football coaches believe that you have to yell and scream at your players in order to win. However, Tony Dungy, the former Head Coach of the Indianapolis Colts, disagrees. In his book Quiet Strength, Dungy DISPELS this misconception. Dungy does not belittle his players or scream at them. Instead, he talks quietly and treats everyone with respect. He guides his players instead of goading them.
Quick Quiz:
The Central Bank attempted to dispel rumors of a possible financial crisis, which it says are all —------.
A. signs of a real crisis
B. without foundation
C. only part of the truth
Answer: B
@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
to make something go away, especially a belief, idea, or feeling
Most football coaches believe that you have to yell and scream at your players in order to win. However, Tony Dungy, the former Head Coach of the Indianapolis Colts, disagrees. In his book Quiet Strength, Dungy DISPELS this misconception. Dungy does not belittle his players or scream at them. Instead, he talks quietly and treats everyone with respect. He guides his players instead of goading them.
Quick Quiz:
The Central Bank attempted to dispel rumors of a possible financial crisis, which it says are all —------.
A. signs of a real crisis
B. without foundation
C. only part of the truth
Answer: B
@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
TOEFL iBT January 9, 2016 Speaking Task 1:@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
The school allows students to keep pets in their dorms. Do you think it is good or not?
The school allows students to keep pets in their dorms. Do you think it is good or not?
TOEFL iBT January 9, 2016 Speaking Task 2:@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
Do you agree or disagree that celebrities such as artists and athlete should be the role model for people?
Do you agree or disagree that celebrities such as artists and athlete should be the role model for people?
TOEFL iBT January 9, 2016 Speaking Task 3:@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
The school announced that from next year, interview practice is required for every student in order to graduate. However, the woman in the conversation does not agree with it. First, she said that the interviews are all held by students themselves which is not very formal. No one is going to be nervous or taking it serious. Most of them won’t be preparing for it either because it is not like real interviews, the result doesn’t really matter. Second, during the graduation season, everyone is busy with their papers, exams, and part-time jobs. They do not have time to prepare for it or participate. It actually won’t help.
The school announced that from next year, interview practice is required for every student in order to graduate. However, the woman in the conversation does not agree with it. First, she said that the interviews are all held by students themselves which is not very formal. No one is going to be nervous or taking it serious. Most of them won’t be preparing for it either because it is not like real interviews, the result doesn’t really matter. Second, during the graduation season, everyone is busy with their papers, exams, and part-time jobs. They do not have time to prepare for it or participate. It actually won’t help.
TOEFL iBT January 9, 2016 Speaking Task 5:@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
In the conversation, the man’s problem is that he wants to go to a concert, but there is an audition he also wants to go and they are scheduled at the same time. He has two solutions. One is go to the audition first and leave earlier to the concert. The other is that he can go to the audition on the second day.
I think the first solution is much better. Because he won’t miss a lot. If he really wants a role in the play he should take the audition seriously and be prepared for that. If he went to the concert a little bit later, he might miss the beginning and it doesn’t really matter. However, if he goes to the second-day audition, there will be only some minor roles left. These roles do not require a lot of acting and they don' t have a lot of lines, which is not fine at all. That' s why I recommend the first solution. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT
In the conversation, the man’s problem is that he wants to go to a concert, but there is an audition he also wants to go and they are scheduled at the same time. He has two solutions. One is go to the audition first and leave earlier to the concert. The other is that he can go to the audition on the second day.
I think the first solution is much better. Because he won’t miss a lot. If he really wants a role in the play he should take the audition seriously and be prepared for that. If he went to the concert a little bit later, he might miss the beginning and it doesn’t really matter. However, if he goes to the second-day audition, there will be only some minor roles left. These roles do not require a lot of acting and they don' t have a lot of lines, which is not fine at all. That' s why I recommend the first solution. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT
TOEFL iBT January 9, 2016 Speaking Task 6:@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
In the lecture, the professor talked about two disadvantages of home based small business. The first one is that business owners would mix their work and their personal life together. They might be working while preparing for food; when someone is calling, they may hear kids crying from the phone which is totally not professional and it would be hard for customers to trust them. On the other hand, the neighbors would be unhappy about business in the neighborhood since there will be people visiting and taking their parking space which is very inconvenient.
In the lecture, the professor talked about two disadvantages of home based small business. The first one is that business owners would mix their work and their personal life together. They might be working while preparing for food; when someone is calling, they may hear kids crying from the phone which is totally not professional and it would be hard for customers to trust them. On the other hand, the neighbors would be unhappy about business in the neighborhood since there will be people visiting and taking their parking space which is very inconvenient.
TOEFL iBT January 9, 2016 Writing Task 2:@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
Some people think it is the best approach for students to learn if schools start the day at an early time in the morning. But some think the school should start the day at a late time. Which one do you prefer? Use specific reasons and detailed examples to support your answer.
Some people think it is the best approach for students to learn if schools start the day at an early time in the morning. But some think the school should start the day at a late time. Which one do you prefer? Use specific reasons and detailed examples to support your answer.
TOEFL iBT January 9, 2016 Listening Passages Some Key Words:
Theater
setting,
angler fish
predator
nocturnal
blend in environment
crop
pest
solar wind
acoustic sound
rotation
velocity
shell
symbiosis
mutualism
parasitism
commensalism
@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
Theater
setting,
angler fish
predator
nocturnal
blend in environment
crop
pest
solar wind
acoustic sound
rotation
velocity
shell
symbiosis
mutualism
parasitism
commensalism
@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
TOEFL iBT January 9, 2016 Reading Passages Vocabulary Questions:
durable=long-lasting
simultaneously=at the same time
hasten=hurry
recognized= accepted
case in point= good example
the course of change=the way change developed
spontaneous: unplanned
bar(V)=exclude
courteous =polite
@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
dismiss=reject
incidence=frequency
elevated=high
readily: quickly and easily
durable=long-lasting
simultaneously=at the same time
hasten=hurry
recognized= accepted
case in point= good example
the course of change=the way change developed
spontaneous: unplanned
bar(V)=exclude
courteous =polite
@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
dismiss=reject
incidence=frequency
elevated=high
readily: quickly and easily
FORTUITOUS (adj.)
Of accidental but fortunate occurrence; having unexpected good fortune
In the fall of 1862, the South appeared to be on the verge of victory in the Civil War. Following a brilliant triumph at the Second Battle of Bull Run, General Lee boldly invaded Maryland. In war, however, decisive battles are often determined as much by a FORTUITOUS accident as by a carefully planned strategy. As Lee's army steadily advanced, a Union corporal discovered a bulky envelope lying in the grass near a shade tree. Curious, be picked it up and discovered three cigars wrapped in a piece of paper containing Lee's secret battle plans. This FORTUITOUS discovery played a key role in enabling the Union forces to win a pivotal victory at the Battle of Antietam.
Quick Quiz:
The meeting with jack was fortuitous; —--------.
A. I didn’t expect to see after so many years
B. it was planned by our wives in advance
C. it was part of my dialy schedule
Answer: A
@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
Of accidental but fortunate occurrence; having unexpected good fortune
In the fall of 1862, the South appeared to be on the verge of victory in the Civil War. Following a brilliant triumph at the Second Battle of Bull Run, General Lee boldly invaded Maryland. In war, however, decisive battles are often determined as much by a FORTUITOUS accident as by a carefully planned strategy. As Lee's army steadily advanced, a Union corporal discovered a bulky envelope lying in the grass near a shade tree. Curious, be picked it up and discovered three cigars wrapped in a piece of paper containing Lee's secret battle plans. This FORTUITOUS discovery played a key role in enabling the Union forces to win a pivotal victory at the Battle of Antietam.
Quick Quiz:
The meeting with jack was fortuitous; —--------.
A. I didn’t expect to see after so many years
B. it was planned by our wives in advance
C. it was part of my dialy schedule
Answer: A
@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
EQUANIMITY (n.) and UNFLAPPABLE (adj.)
Calmness; composure; even-tempered; poise
As US Airways Flight 1549 climbed into the sky above New York City, everything seemed normal. Then, just 1 minute 37 seconds after takeoff, the plane struck a flock of Canadian geese, disabling both engines. Captain Ches1ey Sullenberger quickly decided that he only had one option - to land the plane and its 150 passengers in the frigid waters of the Hudson River. Despite the intense pressure, Captain Sullenberger maintained his EQUANIMITY. He calmly told the air traffic controller, 1We're going to be in the Hudson" and then alerted passengers to "brace for impact." Still maintaining his calm demeanor, the UNFLAPPABLE "Captain Cool" smoothly ditched the plane in the river. Everyone on board survived.
Quick Quiz:
Hess, however, took the allegation about his lying to the press with equanimity, and —---- .
A. could not figure out why Edward was so indifferent
B. laughed at his aide's own unease
C. went for a walk to gain self-possession
Answer: B
@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
Calmness; composure; even-tempered; poise
As US Airways Flight 1549 climbed into the sky above New York City, everything seemed normal. Then, just 1 minute 37 seconds after takeoff, the plane struck a flock of Canadian geese, disabling both engines. Captain Ches1ey Sullenberger quickly decided that he only had one option - to land the plane and its 150 passengers in the frigid waters of the Hudson River. Despite the intense pressure, Captain Sullenberger maintained his EQUANIMITY. He calmly told the air traffic controller, 1We're going to be in the Hudson" and then alerted passengers to "brace for impact." Still maintaining his calm demeanor, the UNFLAPPABLE "Captain Cool" smoothly ditched the plane in the river. Everyone on board survived.
Quick Quiz:
Hess, however, took the allegation about his lying to the press with equanimity, and —---- .
A. could not figure out why Edward was so indifferent
B. laughed at his aide's own unease
C. went for a walk to gain self-possession
Answer: B
@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
BUCOLIC, RUSTIC, PASTORAL (adj.)
All of these words refer to charming, unspoiled countryside
Americans have always been proud of our country's great natural beauty. During the early 19th century, a group of artists known as the Hudson River School specialized in painting the RUSTIC beauty of America's unspoiled landscape. Today, many students are attracted to the PASTORAL beauty of campuses located in small towns. For example, one writer described Blacksburg, Virginia, the home of Virginia Tech, as “a quaint, off-the-beaten-track, BUCOLIC college town nestled in the mountains of southwest Virginia.
Quick quiz:
The Heber Valley is a pastoral spot —---------.
A. ringed by mountains
B. full of oil rings
C. with heavy traffic
Answer: A
@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
All of these words refer to charming, unspoiled countryside
Americans have always been proud of our country's great natural beauty. During the early 19th century, a group of artists known as the Hudson River School specialized in painting the RUSTIC beauty of America's unspoiled landscape. Today, many students are attracted to the PASTORAL beauty of campuses located in small towns. For example, one writer described Blacksburg, Virginia, the home of Virginia Tech, as “a quaint, off-the-beaten-track, BUCOLIC college town nestled in the mountains of southwest Virginia.
Quick quiz:
The Heber Valley is a pastoral spot —---------.
A. ringed by mountains
B. full of oil rings
C. with heavy traffic
Answer: A
@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
Word of the Day: PLIANT (PLY-int)
Bending easily, flexible, adaptable, workable.
Pliant comes from the French plier, to bend, the same source as pliers, the tool commonly used for bending or manipulating wires or metal pieces.
Pliant, pliable, and supple all mean bending or moving easily. Pliant and pliable usually refer to objects that are easily workable. Supple may apply to material things or to a human body that is flexible and limber.@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
Bending easily, flexible, adaptable, workable.
Pliant comes from the French plier, to bend, the same source as pliers, the tool commonly used for bending or manipulating wires or metal pieces.
Pliant, pliable, and supple all mean bending or moving easily. Pliant and pliable usually refer to objects that are easily workable. Supple may apply to material things or to a human body that is flexible and limber.@ibtil_TOEFLiBT_GRE_IELTS
Sample Passage:
»Make sure to look up the new words and expressions: @aalaeeTOEFLiBT
New Words:
Wealth
To account for
Shift
Remarkable
Decided(adj.)
Pollen
Decline
Annual
Impression
@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
Emerge
Resilience
Yield
Precipitous
Contract(v.)
Dwindle
Accordingly
Capital
@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
Purchase
Constriction
Gradual
After three hundred years of impressive gains in wealth and population, Europe's economy began
to slow around 1300. Several factors accounted for the decline. One of the most important, though
perhaps the least dramatic to relate, was a shift in climate. The remarkably fair weather of the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries took a decided turn for the worse in the fourteenth. Chronicler's
comments, tree-ring examination, and pollen analysis all indicate that over the course of the
fourteenth century Europe's average annual temperature declined approximately two degrees
Celsius- which may sound like very little at first, but if one considers current projections about
the possible effects of global warming, in which the average annual temperature shift is only one
degree Celsius, a rather different impression emerges. As the temperature dropped, shortening the
summer growing season and affecting the resilience of certain vegetable species, the wind and rain
increased. This meant that crop yields declined precipitously and the agricultural economy began
to contract. As food supplies dwindled, costs rose accordingly and cut into the amount of capital
that people had available for other purchases or investments. This in turn added to the gradual
constriction of the commercial economy.
»Make sure to look up the new words and expressions: @aalaeeTOEFLiBT
New Words:
Wealth
To account for
Shift
Remarkable
Decided(adj.)
Pollen
Decline
Annual
Impression
@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
Emerge
Resilience
Yield
Precipitous
Contract(v.)
Dwindle
Accordingly
Capital
@aalaeeTOEFLiBT
Purchase
Constriction
Gradual
After three hundred years of impressive gains in wealth and population, Europe's economy began
to slow around 1300. Several factors accounted for the decline. One of the most important, though
perhaps the least dramatic to relate, was a shift in climate. The remarkably fair weather of the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries took a decided turn for the worse in the fourteenth. Chronicler's
comments, tree-ring examination, and pollen analysis all indicate that over the course of the
fourteenth century Europe's average annual temperature declined approximately two degrees
Celsius- which may sound like very little at first, but if one considers current projections about
the possible effects of global warming, in which the average annual temperature shift is only one
degree Celsius, a rather different impression emerges. As the temperature dropped, shortening the
summer growing season and affecting the resilience of certain vegetable species, the wind and rain
increased. This meant that crop yields declined precipitously and the agricultural economy began
to contract. As food supplies dwindled, costs rose accordingly and cut into the amount of capital
that people had available for other purchases or investments. This in turn added to the gradual
constriction of the commercial economy.