Kali Linux Tutorials
Exrop : Automatic ROP Chain Generation

Exrop is automatic ROP chains generator tool which can build gadget chain automatically from given binary and constraints

Requirements : Triton, ROPGadget

Only support for x86-64 for now! Features* handling non-return gadgets (jmp reg, call reg)
* set registers (rdi=0xxxxxx, rsi=0xxxxxx)
* set register to register (rdi=rax)
* write to mem
* write string/bytes to mem
* function call (open('/etc/passwd',0))
* pass register in function call (read('rax', bss, 0x100))
* avoiding badchars
* stack pivoting (Exrop.stack_pivot)
* syscall (Exrop.syscall)
* see examples Installation* install python (3.6 is recomended and tested)
* install triton (https://triton.quarkslab.com/documentation/doxygen/index.html#linux_install_sec), make sure you add -DPYTHON36=onas cmake option
* install ropgadget (https://github.com/JonathanSalwan/ROPgadget)
* to install exrop, easily add export PYTHONPATH=/path/to/exrop:$PYTHONPATHin your .bashrc(depends on your shell) Demofrom Exrop import Exrop
rop = Exrop(“/bin/ls”)
rop.find_gadgets(cache=True)
print(“write-regs gadgets: rdi=0x41414141, rsi:0x42424242, rdx: 0x43434343, rax:0x44444444, rbx=0x45454545”)
chain = rop.set_regs({‘rdi’:0x41414141, ‘rsi’: 0x42424242, ‘rdx’:0x43434343, ‘rax’:0x44444444, ‘rbx’: 0x45454545})
chain.dump()
print(“write-what-where gadgets: [0x41414141]=0xdeadbeefff, [0x43434343]=0x110011”)
chain = rop.set_writes({0x41414141: 0xdeadbeefff, 0x43434343: 0x00110011})
chain.dump()
print(“write-string gadgets 0x41414141=\”Hello world!\n\””)
chain = rop.set_string({0x41414141: “Hello world!\n”})
chain.dump()
print(“func-call gadgets 0x41414141(0x20, 0x30, \”Hello\”)”)
chain = rop.func_call(0x41414141, (0x20, 0x30, “Hello”), 0x7fffff00)
chain.dump()

Output:

write-regs gadget: rdi=0x41414141, rsi:0x42424242, rdx: 0x43434343, rax:0x44444444, rbx=0x45454545
$RSP+0x0000 : 0x00000000000060d0 # pop rbx; ret
$RSP+0x0008 : 0x0000000044444444
$RSP+0x0010 : 0x0000000000014852 # mov rax, rbx; pop rbx; ret
$RSP+0x0018 : 0x0000000000000000
$RSP+0x0020 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0028 : 0x0000000041414141
$RSP+0x0030 : 0x000000000000629c # pop rsi; ret
$RSP+0x0038 : 0x0000000042424242
$RSP+0x0040 : 0x0000000000003a62 # pop rdx; ret
$RSP+0x0048 : 0x0000000043434343
$RSP+0x0050 : 0x00000000000060d0 # pop rbx; ret
$RSP+0x0058 : 0x0000000045454545
write-what-where gadgets: [0x41414141]=0xdeadbeefff, [0x43434343]=0x110011
$RSP+0x0000 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0008 : 0x000000deadbeefff
$RSP+0x0010 : 0x000000000000d91f # mov rax, rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0018 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0020 : 0x0000000041414139
$RSP+0x0028 : 0x000000000000e0fb # mov qword ptr [rdi + 8], rax; ret
$RSP+0x0030 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0038 : 0x0000000000110011
$RSP+0x0040 : 0x000000000000d91f # mov rax, rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0048 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0050 : 0x000000004343433b
$RSP+0x0058 : 0x000000000000e0fb # mov qword ptr [rdi + 8], rax; ret
write-string gadgets 0x41414141=”Hello world!\n”
$RSP+0x0000 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0008 : 0x6f77206f6c6c6548
$RSP+0x0010 : 0x000000000000d91f # mov rax, rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0018 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0020 : 0x0000000041414139
$RSP+0x0028 : 0x000000000000e0fb # mov qword ptr [rdi + 8], rax; ret
$RSP+0x0030 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0038 : 0x0000000a21646c72
$RSP+0x0040 : 0x000000000000d91f # mov rax, rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0048 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0050 : 0x0000000041414141
$RSP+0x0058 : 0x000000000000e0fb # mov qword ptr [rdi + 8], rax; ret
func-call gadgets 0x41414141(0x20, 0x30, “Hello”)
$RSP+0x0000 : 0x0000[...]

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000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0008 : 0x0000006f6c6c6548
$RSP+0x0010 : 0x000000000000d91f # mov rax, rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0018 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0020 : 0x000000007ffffef8
$RSP+0x0028 : 0x000000000000e0fb # mov qword ptr [rdi + 8], rax; ret
$RSP+0x0030 : 0x0000000000004ce5 # pop rdi; ret
$RSP+0x0038 : 0x0000000000000020
$RSP+0x0040 : 0x000000000000629c # pop rsi; ret
$RSP+0x0048 : 0x0000000000000030
$RSP+0x0050 : 0x0000000000003a62 # pop rdx; ret
$RSP+0x0058 : 0x000000007fffff00
$RSP+0x0060 : 0x0000000041414141
python3 tests.py 1,48s user 0,05s system 97% cpu 1,566 total

Another example: open-read-write gadgets!

from pwn import *
import time
from Exrop import Exrop
binname = “/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6”
libc = ELF(binname, checksec=False)
open = libc.symbols[‘open’]
read = libc.symbols[‘read’]
write = libc.symbols[‘write’]
bss = libc.bss()
t = time.mktime(time.gmtime())
rop = Exrop(binname)
rop.find_gadgets(cache=True)
print(“open(‘/etc/passwd’, 0)”)
chain = rop.func_call(open, (“/etc/passwd”, 0), bss)
chain.set_base_addr(0x00007ffff79e4000)
chain.dump()
print(“read(‘rax’, bss, 0x100)”) # register can be used as argument too!
chain = rop.func_call(read, (‘rax’, bss, 0x100))
chain.set_base_addr(0x00007ffff79e4000)
chain.dump()
print(“write(1, bss, 0x100)”)
chain = rop.func_call(write, (1, bss, 0x100))
chain.set_base_addr(0x00007ffff79e4000)
chain.dump()
print(“done in {}s”.format(time.mktime(time.gmtime()) – t))

Output:

open(‘/etc/passwd’, 0)
$RSP+0x0000 : 0x00007ffff7a05a45 # pop r13 ; ret
$RSP+0x0008 : 0x00000000003ec860
$RSP+0x0010 : 0x00007ffff7a7630c # xor edi, edi ; pop rbx ; mov rax, rdi ; pop rbp ; pop r12 ; ret
$RSP+0x0018 : 0x00007ffff7a0555f
$RSP+0x0020 : 0x0000000000000000
$RSP+0x0028 : 0x0000000000000000
$RSP+0x0030 : 0x00007ffff7a06b8a # mov r9, r13 ; call rbx: next -> (0x0002155f) # pop rdi ; ret
$RSP+0x0038 : 0x00007ffff7a0555f # pop rdi ; ret
$RSP+0x0040 : 0x7361702f6374652f
$RSP+0x0048 : 0x00007ffff7b251c7 # mov qword ptr [r9], rdi ; ret
$RSP+0x0050 : 0x00007ffff7a05a45 # pop r13 ; ret
$RSP+0x0058 : 0x00000000003ec868
$RSP+0x0060 : 0x00007ffff7a7630c # xor edi, edi ; pop rbx ; mov rax, rdi ; pop rbp ; pop r12 ; ret
$RSP+0x0068 : 0x00007ffff7a0555f
$RSP+0x0070 : 0x0000000000000000
$RSP+0x0078 : 0x0000000000000000
$RSP+0x0080 : 0x00007ffff7a06b8a # mov r9, r13 ; call rbx: next -> (0x0002155f) # pop rdi ; ret
$RSP+0x0088 : 0x00007ffff7a0555f # pop rdi ; ret
$RSP+0x0090 : 0x0000000000647773
$RSP+0x0098 : 0x00007ffff7b251c7 # mov qword ptr [r9], rdi ; ret
$RSP+0x00a0 : 0x00007ffff7a62c70 # xor esi, esi ; mov rax, rsi ; ret
$RSP+0x00a8 : 0x00007ffff7a0555f # pop rdi ; ret
$RSP+0x00b0 : 0x00000000003ec860
$RSP+0x00b8 : 0x000000000010fc40
read(‘rax’, bss, 0x100)
$RSP+0x0000 : 0x00007ffff7a71362 # mov dh, 0xc5 ; pop rbx ; pop rbp ; pop r12 ; ret
$RSP+0x0008 : 0x0000000000000000
$RSP+0x0010 : 0x0000000000000000
$RSP+0x0018 : 0x00007ffff7a0555f
$RSP+0x0020 : 0x00007ffff7aea899 # mov r8, rax ; call r12: next -> (0x0002155f) # pop rdi ; ret
$RSP+0x0028 : 0x00007ffff7b4a3b1 # pop rax ; pop rdx ; pop rbx ; ret
$RSP+0x0030 : 0x00007ffff79e5b96
$RSP+0x0038 : 0x0000000000000000
$RSP+0x0040 : 0x0000000000000000
$RSP+0x0048 : 0x00007ffff7a7fa08 # mov rdi, r8 ; call rax: next -> (0x00001b96) # pop rdx ; ret
$RSP+0x0050 : 0x00007ffff79e5b96 # pop rdx ; ret
$RSP+0x0058 : 0x0000000000000100
$RSP+0x0060 : 0x00007ffff7a07e6a # pop rsi ; ret
$RSP+0x0068 : 0x00000000003ec860
$RSP+0x0070 : 0x0000000000110070
write(1, bss, 0x100)
$RSP+0x0000 : 0x00007ffff7a0555f # pop rdi ; ret
$RSP+0x0008 : 0x0000000000000001
$RSP+0x0010 : 0x00007ffff79e5b96 # pop rdx ; ret
$RSP+0x0018 : 0x0000000000000100
$RSP+0x0020 : 0x00007ffff7a07e6a # pop rsi ; ret
$RSP+0x0028 : 0x00000000003ec860
$RSP+0x0030 : 0x0000000000110140
done in 3.0s (Running on: A9-9420 RADEON R5 2C+3G (2) @ 3.000GHz (using cached)) Download

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ADExplorerSnapshot.py - An AD Explorer Snapshot Parser. It Is Made As An Ingestor For BloodHound, And Also Supports Full-Object Dumping To NDJSON
http://www.kitploit.com/2022/03/adexplorersnapshotpy-ad-explorer.html

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ADExplorerSnapshot.py is an AD Explorer (https://www.kitploit.com/search/label/Explorer) snapshot parser. It is made as an ingestor for BloodHound (https://bloodhound.readthedocs.io/), and also supports full-object dumping to NDJSON. AD Explorer allows you to connect to a DC and browse LDAP data. It can also create snapshots of the server you are currently attached to. This tool allows you to convert those snapshots to BloodHound-compatible JSON files, or dump all available objects in the snapshot to NDJSON for easier processing.
What is supported In BloodHound output mode: Users collection Groups collection Computers collection Trusts collection (as visible from the LDAP DC you are connected to) In Objects output mode, all attributes for every object are parsed and outputted to NDJSON format. Limitations The ingestor for BloodHound (https://www.kitploit.com/search/label/BloodHound) only supports offline information collection from the snapshot file and won't interact with systems on the network. That means features like session and localadmin collection are not available. GPO/OU collection is missing. The ingestor processes all data it possibly can from the snapshot (including ACLs), but will only output the JSON data that can be interpreted by BloodHound. You will only have the data available of the LDAP/DC that you ran the snapshot against. Installation ADExplorerSnapshot.py supports Python 3.6+. Dependencies are managed via pip. git clone https://github.com/c3c/ADExplorerSnapshot.py.git
cd ADExplorerSnapshot.py
pip3 install --user .
Usage usage: ADExplorerSnapshot.py [-h] [-o OUTPUT] [-m {BloodHound,Objects}] snapshot

ADExplorerSnapshot.py is an AD Explorer snapshot parser. It is made as an ingestor for BloodHound, and also supports full-object dumping to NDJSON.

positional arguments:
snapshot Path to the snapshot .dat file.

optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
Path to the *.json output folder. Folder will be created if it doesn't exist.
Defaults to the current directory.
-m {BloodHound,Objects}, --mode {BloodHound,Objects}
The output mode to use. Besides BloodHound JSON output files, it is possible
to dump all objects with all attributes to NDJSON.
Defaults to BloodHound output mode .

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Notes This library (https://www.kitploit.com/search/label/Library) is now supporting the BloodHound v4.1+ output format (JSON format v4). For the old v3 output format, you can use the code in the v3-format branch (https://github.com/c3c/ADExplorerSnapshot.py/tree/v3-format). Making snapshots in AD Explorer is more network-intensive than the traditional BloodHound ingestors as it attempts to retrieve all objects it can from the LDAP. ADExplorerSnapshot.py will create caches of information for quicker lookups while processing the data. Especially when processing larger snapshots (e.g. 4GB+) you will also need to have sufficient RAM available. In my tests, about half of the snapshot file size was required in RAM. The library was tested with a number of data sets, please create an issue report if you run into problems. The AD Explorer snapshot parser is implemented as its own module, which could also be used individually. The format in which snapshots are stored by AD Explorer is proprietary and led to a fun reverse engineering (https://www.kitploit.com/search/label/Reverse%20Engineering) journey. A 010 editor template is included in this repository, which I used for iteratively mapping out the contents of the snapshot into structs. License and credits This code is licensed under the MIT license (https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) and makes use of code that is also licensed under the MIT license. ADExplorerSnapshot.py relies on the following projects: BloodHound.py (https://github.com/fox-it/BloodHound.py) (the Python BloodHound ingestor): for processing LDAP data. dissect.cstruct (https://github.com/fox-it/dissect.cstruct) (C-style binary struct parser): for parsing (https://www.kitploit.com/search/label/Parsing) the binary snapshot data. Credits: Cedric Van Bockhaven (Deloitte) for implementation Marat Nigmatullin (Deloitte) for the idea

Download ADExplorerSnapshot.py (https://github.com/c3c/ADExplorerSnapshot.py)

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One Month Bug Bounty Journey Update

My goal with this is to explain some of my thoughts and how they changed as I progressed and how I modified my path along the way. For we…Continue reading on Medium »
Read more...

Hacking on Medium
QUICK CRYPTO RECOVERY AND CREDIT REPAIR

HACK VANISH RECOVERED MY LOST 19.78 BITCOIN AND AIDED ME FIX MY CREDIT REPORT
 
 In Dec, 2021, I invested the sum of 19.78 BTC with a fake…

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Hacking on Medium
One Month Bug Bounty Journey Update

My goal with this is to explain some of my thoughts and how they changed as I progressed and how I modified my path along the way. For we…

Continue reading on Medium »

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Hacking on Medium
Mail Hesaplarını hackleme yöntemleri — STFELS

https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1920/1*ECDhb5hG1nY2gmUQj2Wcyw.jpeg
Öncelikle günlük hayatımızın vazgeçilmez haberleşme noktası olan mailler büyük öneme sahiptir, örneğin: banka hesaplarınız, sosyal medya…

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Hacking on Medium
Do You Pray for Success?

https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*u4_gXmLmiYU_IqtBzrItHg.jpeg
I had a thought about prayer and gratitude today.

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Tinyman Compensation Program

https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2440/1*dgloJSiMNllp8xmWd3Jwyw.png
Today we start giving out compensations!

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The_Bvp47_a_top-tier_backdoor_of_us_nsa_equation_group.en
https://www.reddit.com/r/redteamsec/comments/tm6q95/the_bvp47_a_toptier_backdoor_of_us_nsa_equation/

submitted by /u/dmchell (https://www.reddit.com/user/dmchell)
[link] (https://www.pangulab.cn/files/The_Bvp47_a_top-tier_backdoor_of_us_nsa_equation_group.en.pdf) [comments] (https://www.reddit.com/r/redteamsec/comments/tm6q95/the_bvp47_a_toptier_backdoor_of_us_nsa_equation/)

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KitPloit - PenTest Tools!
ADExplorerSnapshot.py - An AD Explorer Snapshot Parser. It Is Made As An Ingestor For BloodHound, And Also Supports Full-Object Dumping To NDJSON

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiOK1B9BJvsEPQubKxYuCIagmJ7ZV1hq9w1SNmcQFbXZavPiOhIfemYEzUfUeyHkBZ1Ew9C8vx9j1olExRRXriJ6il0nI93FJnv5pRAR-Qkcuw7Fj5yOVFFyXBI2lfL4R04X4tSupTwc8_FeNEn3E4pq-9GxMt0VCGSbCko4QR2tdPe2GW9bNhNfwS4=w640-h466 ADExplorerSnapshot.py is an AD Explorer snapshot parser. It is made as an ingestor for BloodHound, and also supports full-object dumping to NDJSON.

AD Explorer allows you to connect to a DC and browse LDAP data. It can also create snapshots of the server you are currently attached to. This tool allows you to convert those snapshots to BloodHound-compatible JSON files, or dump all available objects in the snapshot to NDJSON for easier processing. What is supportedIn BloodHoundoutput mode:

* Users collection
* Groups collection
* Computers collection
* Trusts collection (as visible from the LDAP DC you are connected to)

In Objectsoutput mode, all attributes for every object are parsed and outputted to NDJSON format. LimitationsThe ingestor for BloodHound only supports offline information collection from the snapshot file and won't interact with systems on the network. That means features like session and localadmin collection are not available. GPO/OU collection is missing. The ingestor processes all data it possibly can from the snapshot (including ACLs), but will only output the JSON data that can be interpreted by BloodHound. You will only have the data available of the LDAP/DC that you ran the snapshot against. InstallationADExplorerSnapshot.py supports Python 3.6+. Dependencies are managed via pip. git clone https://github.com/c3c/ADExplorerSnapshot.py.git
cd ADExplorerSnapshot.py
pip3 install --user . Usageusage: ADExplorerSnapshot.py [-h] [-o OUTPUT] [-m {BloodHound,Objects}] snapshot

ADExplorerSnapshot.py is an AD Explorer snapshot parser. It is made as an ingestor for BloodHound, and also supports full-object dumping to NDJSON.

positional arguments:
snapshot Path to the snapshot .dat file.

optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
Path to the *.json output folder. Folder will be created if it doesn't exist.
Defaults to the current directory.
-m {BloodHound,Objects}, --mode {BloodHound,Objects}
The output mode to use. Besides BloodHound JSON output files, it is possible
to dump all objects with all attributes to NDJSON.
Defaults to BloodHound output mode . https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEilbLSDK-NXf3MghhKSJgHAoYkzgI0QPCEZWF-HJa20C3mWIf7TPPZS1Dshi33S6inZKvD173b3UieyjxSaoCMfLzme1OLT5YOGrAlnI0y-f7dxc3CbJOqh6Db_eZut0LatUrqwy8evaUoyFP4lytiBcakSuj50H83EWEnWNso7gpkENdg8AMmrjdl2=w640-h112 NotesThis library is now supporting the BloodHound v4.1+ output format (JSON format v4). For the old v3 output format, you can use the code in the v3-format branch.

Making snapshots in AD Explorer is more network-intensive than the traditional BloodHound ingestors as it attempts to retrieve all objects it can from the LDAP.

ADExplorerSnapshot.py will create caches of information for quicker lookups while processing the data. Especially when processing larger snapshots (e.g. 4GB+) you will also need to have sufficient RAM available. In my tests, about half of the snapshot file size was required in RAM.

The library was tested with a number of data sets, please create an issue report if you run into problems.

The AD Explorer snapshot parser is implemented as its own module, which could also be used individually.

The format in which snapshots are stored by AD Explorer is proprietary and led to a fun reverse engi[...]

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neering journey. A 010 editor template is included in this repository, which I used for iteratively mapping out the contents of the snapshot into structs. License and creditsThis code is licensed under the MIT license and makes use of code that is also licensed under the MIT license.

ADExplorerSnapshot.py relies on the following projects:

* BloodHound.py (the Python BloodHound ingestor): for processing LDAP data.
* dissect.cstruct (C-style binary struct parser): for parsing the binary snapshot data.

Credits:

* Cedric Van Bockhaven (Deloitte) for implementation
* Marat Nigmatullin (Deloitte) for the idea Download ADExplorerSnapshot.py

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hacking: security in practice
im getting into hacking but i jdont know what programing language to start out with. what is the best programming language to start hacking

im getting into hacking but i jdont know what programing language to start out with. what is the best programming language to start hacking

submitted by /u/hero9oxx
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hacking: security in practice
Experiment with raw sockets and syscalls.

https://external-preview.redd.it/ywBuwgb1YorPyk6IItvCI3NH9fpKd-d4n2PCpH1cR3w.jpg?width=640&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=d61b50724cca844460db6c336501e9a4419851ce submitted by /u/mytechnotalent_com
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