Why Vaccines are given IM, SC, oral but not IV ?

Because a given dose of antigen may elicit no detectable response when injected intravenously but may elicit a strong immune response if injected intradermally or subcutaneously due to
● Slow removal of the antigen ➡ increase the contact between antigen & immune system .
● Presence of antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

👉Why we prefer Vaccines with adjuvants ?

👉Because Adjuvants are agents which when administered along with an antigen enhance the specific immune response.

👉CD35 (CR1) is a membrane bound co-factor which inhibit complement formation on human cells .

👉CD55 is a decay-accelerating factor which inhibit complement formation on human cells but not microbes .

👉CD59 is The major membrane inhibitor of MAC formation on human cells by inhibition of C9 polymerization.

All of them found on human cells but not microbes.

👉CD56 is a receptor present on the surface of Natural Killer cells (NK cells).

Why MHC class ll Closed by invariant chain ?

عشان يمنع ارتباطه ب ال intracellular pathogens.
لانه وظيفته يرتبط ب ال extracellular pathogens.

👉B cells , macrophages & Dendritic cells are called professional cells what the deference between them ?

👉B cells is specific (every cell against one microbe).
👉macrophages & Dendritic cells are non specific.

👉If microbe enter to our body lead to formation of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies?

👉Polyclonal antibodies because microbe has multiple epitopes (antigen determinants ).

👉What the classes or types of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) ?

👉They are 2 types selectins and integrins.

👉Selectins :- 1- L-selectin is expressed on leukocytes .
2- E-selectin and P-selectin are expressed on the endothelial cells.

👉Integrins :- 1- leukocyte function-associated antigen 1
(LFA-1) and the very late antigen 4 (VLA-4). Both are expressed on leukocytes.
2- intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and 2 (ICAM-1, ICAM-2), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) are
proteins expressed on activated endothelial cells.

👉Neutrophils &macrophages both are phagocytic cells what the deference between there phagocytosis?

👉Neutrophils destruct and release all the digested product while macrophages destruct and release some of the digested product and the other well presented by MHC class II for T helper cells CD4.

👉Neutrophils take antigens to lymph node to B lymphocyte lead to production of antibodies.

NK cells have 3 receptors :-
lgG , activating &inhibitory Receptors.

👉Specific immunity can recognize many antigens (due to many cells) but one cell recognize only one antigen.

Many different cells due to many different receptors because the sequence of these protein receptors is extremely diverse.

One cell = One specificity.
لانه كل خلية من ال T cell تتعرف على one antigen.

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