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GeekCode pinned «Computer networks are the veins of the information age, protocols the language of the net. In this NETWORKING FOR NEWBIES ERA we will discuss the basics of networking starting with hardware going over to topology and the functionality of the most common protocols…»
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Networking for newbies
WHAT IS NETWORK?

A network is nothing more than two or more computers connected by a cable (or in some cases, by a wireless connection) so that they can exchange information & resources.
You can create a computer network by hooking all the computers in your
office together with cables and installing a special network interface card (an electronic circuit card that goes inside your computer) in each computer so you have a place to plug in the cable. Then you set up your computer’s operating-system software to make the network work, and you have a working network.

~ @geekcode
SERVER & CLIENT

The network computer that contains the hard drives, printers, and other
resources that are shared with other network computers is called a server.
This term comes up repeatedly, so you have to remember it.
Any computer that’s not a server is called a client. You have to remember this
term, too.
Only two kinds of computers are on a network: servers and clients.

~ @geekcode
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Networking for newbies
What is Topologies?

You can cable and construct computer networks in different ways. Nowadays the most common variant is the so called star network, where all computer are connected
to a central device.The disadvantage is that this device is a single point of failure and the whole network will break down if it gets lost.
This disadvantage can be circumstanced by using redundant (multiple) devices.
Another possibility is to connect all computers in one long row one after the other, the so called bus network. The disadvantage of this topology is that each computer must have two network cards and depending on the destination the traffic gets routed through all computers of the net. If one of them fails or has too high a load the connections behind
that host are lost.
The author has seen only a few bus networks this decade and all consisted of two computers directly connected to guarantee time critical or traffic intensive services like database replication, clustering of application servers or synchronization of backup servers. In all cases the reason for a bus network was to lower the load of the star network.
As last variant the ring network should be mentioned, which as the name implies connects all computers in a circle. The ring network has the same disadvantages as a bus network except that the network will only fail partly if a computer gets lost as long as
the net can route the traffic the other way round. The author has not seen a productive ring
network
, but some wise guys whisper that it it the topology of backbones used by ISPs and
large companies.
Additionally one often reads about LAN (Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network) and sometimes even about MAN (Middle Area Network). A LAN is a local network that’s most of the time limited to a building, floor or room.
In modern networks most computers are connected on a LAN over one or more switches.
Multiple LANs connected over a router or VPN are called MAN.

~ @geekcode
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Networking for newbies
ISO/OSI MODEL ?

According to the pure doctrine the ISO/OSI layer model, technically separates a computer network into seven layers.
Each layer has a clearly defined task and each packet passes them one after another in
the operating systems kernel up to the layer it’s operating on.

~ @geekcode
By this table u can understand better about each layers 😊

~
@geekcode
What is Packet?

A packet is, generally speaking, the most basic unit that is transfered over a network. When communicating over a network, packets are the envelopes that carry your data (in pieces) from one end point to the other.

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What is Protocol?

A protocol is a set of rules and standards that basically define a language that devices can use to communicate. There are a great number of protocols in use extensively in networking, and they are often implemented in different layers.
Some low level protocols are TCP, UDP, IP, and ICMP. Some examples of application layer protocols, built on these lower protocols, are HTTP (for accessing web content), SSH, TLS/SSL, and FTP.

~ @geekcode