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Q. What is the role of acid in our stomach?
Ans. in our stomach? Hydrochloric acid plays a major role in the process of digestion. It creates a medium of gastric juice acidic so that the enzyme pepsin digests the protein and kills the bacteria present in them. ... The acid activates the pepsinogen enzyme required to digest proteins.
Ans. in our stomach? Hydrochloric acid plays a major role in the process of digestion. It creates a medium of gastric juice acidic so that the enzyme pepsin digests the protein and kills the bacteria present in them. ... The acid activates the pepsinogen enzyme required to digest proteins.
Introduction to Number SystemsNumbers
Number: Arithmetical value representing a particular quantity. The various types of numbers are Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers, Rational Numbers, Irrational Numbers, Real Numbers etc.
Natural Numbers
Natural numbers(N) are positive numbers i.e. 1, 2, 3 ..and so on.
Whole Numbers
Whole numbers (W) are 0, 1, 2,..and so on. Whole numbers are all Natural Numbers including ‘0’. Whole numbers do not include any fractions, negative numbers or decimals.
Integers
Integers are the numbers that includes whole numbers along with the negative numbers.
Rational Numbers
A number ‘r’ is called a rational number if it can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
Irrational Numbers
Any number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q≠0, is an irrational number. Examples: √2, 1.010024563…, e, π
Real Numbers
Any number which can be represented on the number line is a Real Number(R). It includes both rational and irrational numbers. Every point on the number line represents a unique real number.
Irrational NumbersRepresentation of Irrational numbers on the Number line
Let √x be an irrational number. To represent it on the number line we will follow the following steps:
Take any point A. Draw a line AB = x units.
Extend AB to point C such that BC = 1 unit.
Find out the mid-point of AC and name it ‘O’. With ‘O’ as the centre draw a semi-circle with radius OC.
Draw a straight line from B which is perpendicular to AC, such that it intersects the semi-circle at point D.
Length of BD=√x.
Constructions to Find the root of x.
With BD as the radius and origin as the centre, cut the positive side of the number line to get √x.
Identities for Irrational Numbers
Arithmetic operations between:
rational and irrational will give an irrational number.
irrational and irrational will give a rational or irrational number.
Example : 2 × √3 = 2√3 i.e. irrational. √3 × √3 = 3 which is rational.
Identities for irrational numbers
If a and b are real numbers then:
√ab = √a√b
√ab = √a√b
(√a+√b) (√a-√b) = a – b
(a+√b)(a−√b) = a²−b
(√a+√b)(√c+√d) = √ac+√ad+√bc+√bd
(√a+√b)(√c−√d) = √ac−√ad+√bc−√bd
(√a+√b)2 = a+2√(ab)+b
Rationalisation
Rationalisation is converting an irrational number into a rational number. Suppose if we have to rationalise 1/√a.
1/√a × 1/√a = 1/a
Rationalisation of 1/√a+b:
(1/√a+b) × (1/√a−b) = (1/a−b²)
Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers
If a, b, m and n are real numbers then:
am × an= am+n
(am) n = amn
am/an = am−n
ambm=(ab)m
Here, a and b are the bases and m and n are exponents.
Exponential representation of irrational numbers
If a > 0 and n is a positive integer, then: n√a=a1n Let a > 0 be a real number and p and q be rational numbers, then:
ap × aq = ap + q
(ap)q = apq
ap/ aq= ap−q
apbp = (ab)p
Decimal Representation of Rational NumbersDecimal expansion of Rational and Irrational Numbers
The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non- terminating and recurring.
Example: 1/2 = 0.5 , 1/3 = 3.33…….
The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non terminating and non-recurring.
Examples: √2 = 1.41421356..
Expressing Decimals as rational numbers
Case 1 – Terminating Decimals
Example – 0.625
Let x=0.625
If the number of digits after the decimal point is y, then multiply and divide the number by 10y.
So, x = 0.625 × 1000/1000 = 625/1000 Then, reduce the obtained fraction to its simplest form.
Hence, x = 5/8
Case 2: Recurring Decimals
If the number is non-terminating and recurring, then we will follow the following steps to convert it into a rational number:
Example –
Step 1. Let x = (1)
Step 2. Multiply the first equation with 10y, where y is the number of digits that are recurring.
Thus, 100x = (2)Steps 3. Subtract equation 1 from equation 2.On subtracting equation 1 from 2, we get99x = 103.2x=103.2/99 = 1032/990
Which is the required rational number.
Reduce the obtained rational number to its simplest form Thus,
x=172/165
Number: Arithmetical value representing a particular quantity. The various types of numbers are Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers, Rational Numbers, Irrational Numbers, Real Numbers etc.
Natural Numbers
Natural numbers(N) are positive numbers i.e. 1, 2, 3 ..and so on.
Whole Numbers
Whole numbers (W) are 0, 1, 2,..and so on. Whole numbers are all Natural Numbers including ‘0’. Whole numbers do not include any fractions, negative numbers or decimals.
Integers
Integers are the numbers that includes whole numbers along with the negative numbers.
Rational Numbers
A number ‘r’ is called a rational number if it can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
Irrational Numbers
Any number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q≠0, is an irrational number. Examples: √2, 1.010024563…, e, π
Real Numbers
Any number which can be represented on the number line is a Real Number(R). It includes both rational and irrational numbers. Every point on the number line represents a unique real number.
Irrational NumbersRepresentation of Irrational numbers on the Number line
Let √x be an irrational number. To represent it on the number line we will follow the following steps:
Take any point A. Draw a line AB = x units.
Extend AB to point C such that BC = 1 unit.
Find out the mid-point of AC and name it ‘O’. With ‘O’ as the centre draw a semi-circle with radius OC.
Draw a straight line from B which is perpendicular to AC, such that it intersects the semi-circle at point D.
Length of BD=√x.
Constructions to Find the root of x.
With BD as the radius and origin as the centre, cut the positive side of the number line to get √x.
Identities for Irrational Numbers
Arithmetic operations between:
rational and irrational will give an irrational number.
irrational and irrational will give a rational or irrational number.
Example : 2 × √3 = 2√3 i.e. irrational. √3 × √3 = 3 which is rational.
Identities for irrational numbers
If a and b are real numbers then:
√ab = √a√b
√ab = √a√b
(√a+√b) (√a-√b) = a – b
(a+√b)(a−√b) = a²−b
(√a+√b)(√c+√d) = √ac+√ad+√bc+√bd
(√a+√b)(√c−√d) = √ac−√ad+√bc−√bd
(√a+√b)2 = a+2√(ab)+b
Rationalisation
Rationalisation is converting an irrational number into a rational number. Suppose if we have to rationalise 1/√a.
1/√a × 1/√a = 1/a
Rationalisation of 1/√a+b:
(1/√a+b) × (1/√a−b) = (1/a−b²)
Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers
If a, b, m and n are real numbers then:
am × an= am+n
(am) n = amn
am/an = am−n
ambm=(ab)m
Here, a and b are the bases and m and n are exponents.
Exponential representation of irrational numbers
If a > 0 and n is a positive integer, then: n√a=a1n Let a > 0 be a real number and p and q be rational numbers, then:
ap × aq = ap + q
(ap)q = apq
ap/ aq= ap−q
apbp = (ab)p
Decimal Representation of Rational NumbersDecimal expansion of Rational and Irrational Numbers
The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non- terminating and recurring.
Example: 1/2 = 0.5 , 1/3 = 3.33…….
The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non terminating and non-recurring.
Examples: √2 = 1.41421356..
Expressing Decimals as rational numbers
Case 1 – Terminating Decimals
Example – 0.625
Let x=0.625
If the number of digits after the decimal point is y, then multiply and divide the number by 10y.
So, x = 0.625 × 1000/1000 = 625/1000 Then, reduce the obtained fraction to its simplest form.
Hence, x = 5/8
Case 2: Recurring Decimals
If the number is non-terminating and recurring, then we will follow the following steps to convert it into a rational number:
Example –
Step 1. Let x = (1)
Step 2. Multiply the first equation with 10y, where y is the number of digits that are recurring.
Thus, 100x = (2)Steps 3. Subtract equation 1 from equation 2.On subtracting equation 1 from 2, we get99x = 103.2x=103.2/99 = 1032/990
Which is the required rational number.
Reduce the obtained rational number to its simplest form Thus,
x=172/165
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