DAY 11 – TUPLES (Python Basics)

⸻

📌 What is a Tuple? 👉 A tuple is a collection of items stored in a single variable 👉 It is ordered, NOT changeable (immutable), allows duplicates

⸻

📌 Example (Create Tuple)

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "mango")
print(fruits)


👉 Output:
('apple', 'banana', 'mango')

⸻

📌 Access Tuple Items

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "mango")
print(fruits[0])
print(fruits[1])


👉 Output:
apple
banana
👉 Index starts from 0

⸻

📌 Tuple is Immutable ❌

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "mango")
fruits[1] = "orange"


👉 Output:
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
👉 Meaning: ❌ Cannot change values in tuple

⸻

📌 Tuple Length

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "mango")
print(len(fruits))


👉 Output:
3

⸻

📌 Loop Through Tuple

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "mango")

for item in fruits:
    print(item)


👉 Output:
apple
banana
mango

⸻

📌 Single Item Tuple (Important ⚠)

data = ("apple",)
print(type(data))


👉 Output:
<class 'tuple'>
👉 Without comma → it is NOT tuple ❌

⸻

🎯 🔥 Example (All Data Types in Tuple)

data = ("apple", 10, 3.5, True)
print(data)


👉 Output:
('apple', 10, 3.5, True)
👉 Meaning: ✔ String → “apple” ✔ Integer → 10 ✔ Float → 3.5 ✔ Boolean → True

⸻

💡 Summary ✔ Same as list but cannot change values ✔ Faster than list ✔ Used when data should not change

⸻

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DAY 12 – DICTIONARIES (Python Basics)


⸻


📌 What is a Dictionary?
👉 A dictionary stores data in key : value pairs
👉 Each key is unique
👉 It is ordered & changeable


⸻


📌 Example (Create Dictionary)

student = {
    "name": "John",
    "age": 20,
    "marks": 85
}

print(student)


👉 Output:
{'name': 'John', 'age': 20, 'marks': 85}


⸻


📌 Access Values (Using Key)

student = {
    "name": "John",
    "age": 20
}

print(student["name"])
print(student["age"])


👉 Output:
John
20


⸻


📌 Change Value

student = {
    "name": "John",
    "age": 20
}

student["age"] = 25
print(student)


👉 Output:
{'name': 'John', 'age': 25}


⸻


📌 Add New Data

student = {
    "name": "John"
}

student["marks"] = 90
print(student)


👉 Output:
{'name': 'John', 'marks': 90}


⸻


📌 Remove Data

student = {
    "name": "John",
    "age": 20
}

student.pop("age")
print(student)


👉 Output:
{'name': 'John'}


⸻


📌 Loop Through Dictionary

student = {
    "name": "John",
    "age": 20
}

for key in student:
    print(key, student[key])


👉 Output:
name John
age 20


⸻


🎯 🔥 Important Example (All Data Types)

data = {
    "name": "Alice",
    "age": 25,
    "height": 5.5,
    "is_student": True
}

print(data)


👉 Output:
{'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'height': 5.5, 'is_student': True}


⸻


🧠 Simple Understanding
👉 Dictionary = Real-life form 🧾
✔ Name → John
✔ Age → 20


⸻


💡 Summary
✔ Stores data in key-value format
✔ Fast access using keys
✔ Used in APIs, JSON, real apps


⸻


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Starting Python From basics to learn it in 3 weeks ✅

Plan ✅

🟢 UNIT 1 – BASICS (Foundation)

👉 Day 1 – What is Python + Features
👉 Day 2 – Variables & Data Types
👉 Day 3 – Input & Output
👉 Day 4 – Operators

⸻

🟡 UNIT 2 – CONTROL FLOW (Logic Building)

👉 Day 5 – If / Else Conditions
👉 Day 6 – Nested If + Practice
👉 Day 7 – For Loop
👉 Day 8 – While Loop
👉 Day 9 – Break & Continue

⸻

🔵 UNIT 3 – DATA STRUCTURES

👉 Day 10 – Lists
👉 Day 11 – Tuples
👉 Day 12 – Dictionaries

Above are covered 🔥✅ 

—————————————————


👉 Day 13 – Sets

⸻

🟣 UNIT 4 – FUNCTIONS & LOGIC

👉 Day 14 – Functions Basics
👉 Day 15 – Function Arguments + Mini Project

⸻

🎯 BONUS (OPTIONAL – HIGH VALUE 🔥)

👉 Day 16 – File Handling
👉 Day 17 – Exception Handling
👉 Day 18 – OOP Basics

DAY 13 – SETS (Python Basics)

⸻

📌 What is a Set? 👉 A set is a collection of unique items 👉 It is unordered, unchangeable, and does NOT allow duplicates*
(You can add/remove items, but items themselves cannot be changed)

⸻

📌 Example (Create Set)

numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4}
print(numbers)


👉 Output:
{1, 2, 3, 4}

⸻

📌 Duplicate Values Not Allowed

data = {1, 2, 2, 3, 3}
print(data)


👉 Output:
{1, 2, 3}
👉 Meaning: duplicates are automatically removed ✅

⸻

📌 Add Item

numbers = {1, 2, 3}
numbers.add(4)
print(numbers)


👉 Output:
{1, 2, 3, 4}

⸻

📌 Remove Item

numbers = {1, 2, 3}
numbers.remove(2)
print(numbers)


👉 Output:
{1, 3}

⸻

📌 Loop Through Set

numbers = {1, 2, 3}

for item in numbers:
    print(item)


👉 Output:
1
2
3

⸻

📌 Set Length

numbers = {1, 2, 3}
print(len(numbers))


👉 Output:
3

⸻

🎯 🔥 Example (All Data Types in Set)

data = {"apple", 10, 3.5, True}
print(data)


👉 Output:
{'apple', 10, 3.5, True}

⸻

🧠 Simple Understanding 👉 Set = Collection of unique values only 👉 No duplicates allowed 🚫

⸻

💡 Summary ✔ Stores only unique values ✔ Unordered (no index) ✔ Useful for removing duplicates

⸻

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Major Differences ✅

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📅 Day 14: Functions in Python

🔹 Function Definition:
A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task. It helps in organizing code, improving readability, and avoiding repetition.

🔹 Syntax:
def function_name(parameters):
# code
return result

--------------------------------------------------

🔹 Example 1: Simple Function
def greet():
print("Hello, Welcome!")

greet()

Output:
Hello, Welcome!

--------------------------------------------------

🔹 Example 2: Function with Parameters
def add(a, b):
return a + b

result = add(3, 5)
print(result)

Output:
8

--------------------------------------------------

🔹 Example 3: Function with Default Parameter
def greet(name="User"):
print("Hello", name)

greet()
greet("John")

Output:
Hello User
Hello John

--------------------------------------------------

🔹 Example 4: Function with Return Value
def square(n):
return n * n

print(square(4))

Output:
16

--------------------------------------------------

🔹 Types of Functions in Python

1️⃣ Built-in Functions:
Definition: Predefined functions available in Python.
Example:
print("Hello")
len([1,2,3])

--------------------------------------------------

2️⃣ User-defined Functions:
Definition: Functions created by the user using 'def'.
Example:
def multiply(a, b):
return a * b

print(multiply(2,3))

Output:
6

--------------------------------------------------

3️⃣ Anonymous Functions (Lambda):
Definition: Small one-line functions without a name using 'lambda'.
Example:
square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5))

Output:
25

--------------------------------------------------

4️⃣ Recursive Functions:
Definition: A function that calls itself.
Example:
def factorial(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
return n * factorial(n-1)

print(factorial(5))

Output:
120

--------------------------------------------------

5️⃣ Function with Multiple Arguments (*args):
Definition: Allows passing multiple non-keyword arguments.
Example:
def add_all(*numbers):
return sum(numbers)

print(add_all(1,2,3,4))

Output:
10

--------------------------------------------------

6️⃣ Function with Keyword Arguments (**kwargs):
Definition: Allows passing multiple keyword arguments.
Example:
def display(**data):
print(data)

display(name="John", age=25)

Output:
{'name': 'John', 'age': 25}

--------------------------------------------------

✅ Summary:
- Functions help reuse code
- Can take inputs (parameters)
- Can return outputs
- Different types improve flexibility

Day 15 – Lambda Functions & Map / Filter
🔹 Definition: Lambda is a small anonymous (one-line) function used for short operations without using def.

⸻

🔹 Example:

square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5))


Output:
25
⸻

🔹 Lambda with Multiple Arguments:

add = lambda a, b: a + b
print(add(3, 7))

Output:

10

 
⸻
 
🔹 Using map() 👉 Applies function to all elements

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
result = list(map(lambda x: x*2, nums))
print(result)


Output:
[2, 4, 6, 8]

⸻

🔹 Using filter() 👉 Filters elements based on condition

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
result = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))
print(result)


Output:
[2, 4, 6]

⸻

🔹 map + filter Together:

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

result = list(map(lambda x: x*2,
          filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums)))

print(result)


Output:
[4, 8]

⸻

❌ Common Mistake:

square = lambda x: x * x
print(square)


Output:
<function <lambda>>
❌ Forgot to pass value

⸻

✅ Summary: ✔ Lambda = one-line function ✔ No need of ‘def’ ✔ Best for quick operations ✔ Works with map() & filter() 🚀


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Day 16 – File Handling in Python
🔹 Definition: File handling is used to read, write, and manage files in Python.

⸻

🔹 Opening a File:

file = open("test.txt", "r")
print(file.read())
file.close()


👉 Modes:
"r" → Read
"w" → Write (overwrite)
"a" → Append
"x" → Create

⸻

🔹 Reading a File:

file = open("test.txt", "r")
print(file.read())
file.close()


Output:
(Displays file content)

⸻

🔹 Writing to a File:

file = open("test.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello Python")
file.close()


👉 Output: File will contain → Hello Python

⸻

🔹 Appending to a File:

file = open("test.txt", "a")
file.write("\nWelcome")
file.close()


👉 Output: Adds content without deleting old data

⸻

🔹 Using with (Best Practice):

with open("test.txt", "r") as file:
    print(file.read())


👉 No need to close file manually ✅

⸻

🔹 Read Line by Line:

with open("test.txt", "r") as file:
    for line in file:
        print(line)



⸻

❌ Common Mistake:

file = open("test.txt", "r")
print(file.read())


❌ File not closed

⸻

✅ Summary: ✔ Used to handle files ✔ Modes: r, w, a, x ✔ Use with for safety ✔ Always close file or use with 🚀

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Day 17 – OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) Basics
🔹 Definition: OOP is a programming approach that organizes code using classes and objects, making it easier to structure, reuse, and manage.

⸻

🔹 Class (Blueprint) 👉 A class is a template used to create objects

class Student:
    pass



⸻

🔹 Object (Instance) 👉 An object is an instance created from a class

class Student:
    pass

s1 = Student()
print(type(s1))


Output:
<class '__main__.Student'>

⸻

🔹 Constructor (__init__) 👉 A special method that initializes object data when created

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

s1 = Student("Mani")
print(s1.name)


Output:
Mani

⸻

🔹 Method (Function inside class) 👉 Defines behavior of an object

class Car:
    def start(self):
        print("Car started")

c1 = Car()
c1.start()


Output:
Car started

⸻

🔹 Inheritance 👉 A class can inherit properties and methods from another class

class Animal:
    def sound(self):
        print("Animal sound")

class Dog(Animal):
    pass

d = Dog()
d.sound()


Output:
Animal sound

⸻

🔹 Encapsulation 👉 Restricts direct access to data and protects it

class Bank:
    def __init__(self):
        self.__balance = 1000

    def show(self):
        print(self.__balance)

b = Bank()
b.show()


Output:
1000

⸻

🔹 Polymorphism 👉 Same method name behaves differently for different objects

class Dog:
    def sound(self):
        print("Bark")

class Cat:
    def sound(self):
        print("Meow")

for animal in (Dog(), Cat()):
    animal.sound()


Output:
Bark
Meow

⸻

❌ Common Mistake:

class Test:
    def show():
        print("Hello")

t = Test()
t.show()


❌ Missing self

⸻

✅ Summary: ✔ Class = Blueprint ✔ Object = Instance ✔ init = Initializes data ✔ Method = Defines behavior ✔ Inheritance = Code reuse ✔ Encapsulation = Data protection ✔ Polymorphism = Multiple behavior 🚀

⸻

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Day 18 – Exception Handling in Python
🔹 Definition: Exception handling is used to handle runtime errors so that the program does not crash and runs smoothly.

⸻

🔹 What is an Exception?
👉 An error that occurs during program execution
Example:
print(10 / 0)
❌ Output: ZeroDivisionError

⸻

🔹 try & except
👉 Used to handle errors

try:
    print(10 / 0)
except:
    print("Error occurred")


✅ Output: Error occurred

⸻

🔹 Handling Specific Exception

try:
    num = int("abc")
except ValueError:
    print("Invalid input")



⸻

🔹 Multiple Exceptions

try:
    a = int(input("Enter number: "))
    print(10 / a)
except ValueError:
    print("Enter valid number")
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero")



⸻

🔹 else Block
👉 Runs if no error occurs

try:
    print(10 / 2)
except:
    print("Error")
else:
    print("Success")



⸻

🔹 finally Block
👉 Always runs (error or not)

try:
    print(10 / 2)
except:
    print("Error")
finally:
    print("Execution completed")



⸻

🔹 Raising Exception
👉 Manually create error

age = -1

if age < 0:
    raise ValueError("Age cannot be negative")



⸻

🔹 Custom Exception

class MyError(Exception):
    pass

raise MyError("Custom error occurred")

⸻

❌ Common Mistakes
🚫 Using only except: (not specific) 🚫 Ignoring errors instead of handling 🚫 Not using finally for cleanup

⸻

✅ Summary
✔ try → test code ✔ except → handle error ✔ else → runs if no error ✔ finally → always runs ✔ raise → create error

Day 19 – Modules & Packages in Python
🔹 What is a Module?
👉 A module is a file that contains Python code (functions, variables, classes) which can be reused.
👉 Example:
If you create a file math_operations.py, it becomes a module.


⸻


🔹 Creating a Module
📄 math_operations.py
def add(a, b):
return a + b

def sub(a, b):
return a - b


⸻


🔹 Importing a Module
import math_operations

print(math_operations.add(5, 3))


⸻


🔹 Import Specific Functions
from math_operations import add

print(add(10, 5))


⸻


🔹 Import with Alias
import math_operations as mo

print(mo.sub(10, 3))


⸻


🔹 Built-in Modules
👉 Python already provides many modules
Examples:
math
random
datetime
os
import math
print(math.sqrt(16))


⸻


🔹 What is a Package?
👉 A package is a collection of multiple modules organized in folders.
📁 Example Structure:
my_package/
__init__.py
module1.py
module2.py


⸻


🔹 Import from Package
from my_package import module1

module1.function_name()


⸻


🔹
init.py File
👉 Marks a folder as a package
👉 Can be empty or contain initialization code


⸻


🔹 dir() Function
👉 Shows all functions/variables in a module
import math
print(dir(math))


⸻


❌ Common Mistakes
🚫 Wrong file path
🚫 Module name conflict (same as built-in module)
🚫 Forgetting init.py in package


⸻


✅ Summary
✔ Module → single Python file
✔ Package → collection of modules
✔ import → use module
✔ from → import specific items
✔ alias → rename module
✔ built-in modules → ready to use

Day 20 – Lambda, Map, Filter & Reduce in Python
These are very important for interviews + real-world coding.

⸻

🔹 1. Lambda Functions
👉 Anonymous (no-name) functions 👉 Used for short, one-line operations

square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5))


✅ Output:
25
👉 Multiple arguments:

add = lambda a, b: a + b
print(add(3, 4))



⸻

🔹 2. map() Function
👉 Applies a function to all elements in a list

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]

result = list(map(lambda x: x * 2, nums))
print(result)


✅ Output:
[2, 4, 6, 8]

⸻

🔹 3. filter() Function
👉 Filters elements based on condition

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

result = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))
print(result)


✅ Output:
[2, 4]

⸻

🔹 4. reduce() Function
👉 Reduces list to single value

from functools import reduce

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]

result = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, nums)
print(result)


✅ Output:
10

⸻

🔹 Difference Between Them
Function
lambda: Create small function
map: Transform data
filter: Select data
reduce: Combine data

⸻

🔹 Real-Time Example

nums = [10, 15, 20, 25]

# Step 1: filter even
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))

# Step 2: square them
squares = list(map(lambda x: x * x, evens))

print(squares)


✅ Output:
[100, 400]

⸻

❌ Common Mistakes
🚫 Forgetting list() around map/filter 🚫 Not importing reduce 🚫 Using lambda for complex logic (avoid)

⸻

✅ Summary
✔ lambda → one-line function ✔ map → apply function ✔ filter → condition check ✔ reduce → single output

Day 21 – List Comprehension & *args / **kwargs
🔹 Definition:
List comprehension is a short and powerful way to create lists in a single line.


⸻


🔹 Basic Example:

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]

squares = [x*x for x in nums]
print(squares)


Output:
[1, 4, 9, 16]


⸻


🔹 With Condition:

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

evens = [x for x in nums if x % 2 == 0]
print(evens)


Output:
[2, 4, 6]


⸻


🔹 Normal Loop vs List Comprehension
❌ Normal Way:

nums = [1, 2, 3]
result = []

for x in nums:
    result.append(x*x)

print(result)


✅ Short Way:

result = [x*x for x in [1,2,3]]
print(result)




⸻


🔹 *args (Multiple Arguments)
👉 Allows function to accept multiple values
Example:

def add(*nums):
    return sum(nums)

print(add(1, 2, 3, 4))


Output:
10


⸻


🔹 **kwargs (Keyword Arguments)
👉 Accepts data in key-value format
Example:

def info(**data):
    print(data)

info(name="Ram", age=20)


Output:
{'name': 'Ram', 'age': 20}


⸻


🔹 Combining args and kwargs

def show(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args)
    print(kwargs)

show(1, 2, 3, name="Mani", age=25)


Output:
(1, 2, 3)
{'name': 'Mani', 'age': 25}


⸻


❌ Common Mistakes:
🚫 Forgetting brackets in list comprehension
🚫 Confusing *args with list
🚫 Using kwargs without key=value format


⸻


✅ Summary:
✔ List comprehension → short & clean list creation
✔ *args → multiple values
✔ **kwargs → key-value inputs
✔ Improves code readability 🚀


⸻


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Day 22 – Decorators & Generators in Python
🔹 Definition (Decorator): A decorator is used to modify or extend the behavior of a function without changing its code.

⸻

🔹 Basic Example (Decorator):

def my_decorator(func):
    def wrapper():
        print("Before function")
        func()
        print("After function")
    return wrapper

@my_decorator
def greet():
    print("Hello!")

greet()


Output:
Before function
Hello!
After function

⸻

🔹 Without @ Syntax (Understanding)

def greet():
    print("Hello!")

greet = my_decorator(greet)
greet()



⸻

🔹 Why Use Decorators?
👉 Add extra functionality 👉 Code reuse 👉 Used in frameworks (Django, Flask)

⸻

🔹 Definition (Generator):
A generator is a function that returns values one by one using yield instead of returning all at once.

⸻

🔹 Basic Example (Generator):

def count():
    for i in range(3):
        yield i

for num in count():
    print(num)


Output:
0
1
2

⸻

🔹 Difference: return vs yield
return
Ends function
Uses more memory
Returns one value
yield
Pauses function
Memory efficient
Returns multiple values
⸻

🔹 Generator Example (Real Use)

def even_numbers(n):
    for i in range(n):
        if i % 2 == 0:
            yield i

print(list(even_numbers(10)))


Output:
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

⸻

❌ Common Mistakes:
🚫 Forgetting yield in generator 🚫 Confusing decorator with normal function 🚫 Not using @ syntax properly

⸻

✅ Summary:
✔ Decorator → modifies function behavior ✔ @ → used to apply decorator ✔ Generator → produces values one by one ✔ yield → key for generators ✔ Saves memory 🚀

⸻

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Day 23 – JSON, Regex & DateTime in Python
🔹 These are very important for real-world projects (APIs, data handling, validation)

⸻

🔹 1. JSON in Python
🔹 Definition: JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is used to store and exchange data.

⸻

🔹 Convert JSON → Python
import json



data = '{"name": "Mani", "age": 22}'
result = json.loads(data)

print(result)


Output:
{'name': 'Mani', 'age': 22}

⸻

🔹 Convert Python → JSON

import json

data = {"name": "Mani", "age": 22}
result = json.dumps(data)

print(result)


Output:
{"name": "Mani", "age": 22}

⸻

🔹 2. Regular Expressions (Regex)
🔹 Definition: Regex is used to search and match patterns in text.

⸻

🔹 Basic Example

import re

text = "My number is 9876543210"
result = re.findall(r'\d+', text)

print(result)


Output:
['9876543210']

⸻

🔹 Check Email Pattern

import re

email = "test@gmail.com"

if re.match(r'^\S+@\S+\.\S+$', email):
    print("Valid Email")
else:
    print("Invalid Email")



⸻

🔹 3. Date & Time
🔹 Definition: Used to work with date and time in Python.

⸻

🔹 Current Date & Time

from datetime import datetime

now = datetime.now()
print(now)



⸻

🔹 Format Date

from datetime import datetime

now = datetime.now()
print(now.strftime("%d-%m-%Y"))


Output:
10-07-2026

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❌ Common Mistakes:
🚫 Forgetting to import modules 🚫 Wrong regex patterns 🚫 Confusing loads() and dumps()

⸻

✅ Summary:
✔ JSON → data exchange ✔ loads() → JSON to Python ✔ dumps() → Python to JSON ✔ Regex → pattern matching ✔ datetime → date & time handling

⸻

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Day 24 – Mini Project (Putting It All Together)
🔹 Definition: A mini project helps you apply all the concepts you learned (functions, loops, JSON, etc.) in a real-world scenario.

⸻

🔹 Project: Student Record Manager
👉 Features: ✔ Add student ✔ View students ✔ Save data (JSON)

⸻

🔹 Step 1: Import Module

import json



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🔹 Step 2: Create Functions

def add_student(data):
    name = input("Enter name: ")
    age = input("Enter age: ")
    
    data.append({"name": name, "age": age})
    return data



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🔹 Step 3: View Data

def view_students(data):
    for student in data:
        print(student)



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🔹 Step 4: Save Data to File

def save_data(data):
    with open("students.json", "w") as file:
        json.dump(data, file)



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🔹 Step 5: Load Data

def load_data():
    try:
        with open("students.json", "r") as file:
            return json.load(file)
    except:
        return []



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🔹 Step 6: Main Program

data = load_data()

while True:
    print("\n1. Add Student")
    print("2. View Students")
    print("3. Exit")
    
    choice = input("Enter choice: ")
    
    if choice == "1":
        data = add_student(data)
    elif choice == "2":
        view_students(data)
    elif choice == "3":
        save_data(data)
        break
    else:
        print("Invalid choice")



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👉 Output Example:

1. Add Student
2. View Students
3. Exit
Enter choice: 1
Enter name: Mani
Enter age: 22



⸻

❌ Common Mistakes:
🚫 Not saving data before exit 🚫 File not found error 🚫 Wrong JSON format

⸻

✅ Summary:
✔ Uses functions ✔ Uses loops ✔ Uses JSON ✔ Real-world logic building ✔ Great for beginners 🚀

⸻

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Day 25 – String Methods in Python
🔹 Definition: Strings are sequences of characters, and Python provides built-in methods to manipulate them.

⸻

🔹 Basic Example

text = "hello world"
print(text.upper())


Output:
HELLO WORLD

⸻

🔹 Common String Methods
🔹 1. upper() – Convert to uppercase

text = "python"
print(text.upper())


Output:
PYTHON

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🔹 2. lower() – Convert to lowercase
text = "PYTHON"
print(text.lower())
Output:
python

⸻

🔹 3. title() – First letter capital

text = "hello world"
print(text.title())


Output:
Hello World

⸻

🔹 4. strip() – Remove spaces

text = "  hello  "
print(text.strip())


Output:
hello

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🔹 5. replace() – Replace text

text = "I like Java"
print(text.replace("Java", "Python"))


Output:
I like Python

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🔹 6. split() – Convert string to list

text = "apple,banana,grapes"
print(text.split(","))


Output:
['apple', 'banana', 'grapes']

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🔹 7. find() – Find position

text = "hello"
print(text.find("e"))


Output:
1

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🔹 8. count() – Count occurrences

text = "banana"
print(text.count("a"))


Output:
3

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🔹 9. startswith() / endswith()

text = "python.py"
print(text.startswith("python"))
print(text.endswith(".py"))


Output:
True
True

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❌ Common Mistakes:
🚫 Strings are immutable (cannot change directly) 🚫 Forgetting case sensitivity 🚫 Using wrong method names

⸻

✅ Summary:
✔ Strings → text data ✔ Many built-in methods ✔ Immutable (cannot modify directly) ✔ Used in almost every program 🚀

⸻

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Day 26 – Lists in Python
🔹 Definition:
A list is a collection of multiple items stored in a single variable.


⸻


🔹 Creating a List

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(numbers)


Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4]


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🔹 Accessing Elements

nums = [10, 20, 30]

print(nums[0])   # first element
print(nums[-1])  # last element


Output:
10
30


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🔹 Adding Elements

nums = [1, 2]

nums.append(3)
print(nums)


Output:
[1, 2, 3]


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🔹 Insert at Position

nums = [1, 3]

nums.insert(1, 2)
print(nums)


Output:
[1, 2, 3]


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🔹 Remove Elements

nums = [1, 2, 3]

nums.remove(2)
print(nums)


Output:
[1, 3]


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🔹 Loop Through List

nums = [1, 2, 3]

for x in nums:
    print(x)




⸻


🔹 List Length

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(len(nums))


Output:
4


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🔹 List Slicing

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(nums[1:4])


Output:
[2, 3, 4]


⸻


🔹 List with Different Data Types

data = [1, "Python", True]
print(data)




⸻


❌ Common Mistakes:
🚫 Index out of range
🚫 Confusing remove() and pop()
🚫 Modifying list while looping


⸻


✅ Summary:
✔ List → collection of items
✔ Ordered & changeable
✔ Supports different data types
✔ Very important for logic building 🚀


⸻


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🔁 Share with friends to grow together 🚀