Step 2
Setting Up Protostar in VirtualBox
In order to run a virtual machine, we need a virtualization environment. In this tutorial, we'll be using VirtualBox, which you can download for free. Protostar can also be run using VMWare Workstation Player if you prefer that piece of virtualization software instead. We won't cover setting Protostar up with VMWare here, though.
In order to setup Protostar, we need to open VirtualBox and click the "New" button in the upper left. A new window will open asking for the name, operating system type, and operating system version. You can name the VM whatever you want. I choose to name mine Protostar. Select "Linux" for the Type. The Version you pick doesn't really matter, as long as you use the 32-bit version of whatever Linux flavor you pick. I used 32-bit Ubuntu in order to set up the VM.
What Is Protostar?
Protostar is a vulnerable virtual machine from Exploit Exercises. This website hosts several virtual machines that focus more on manual exploitation. So kiss Metasploit and Exploit-DB goodbye, because your mind is the only exploit database at your disposal. Don't be scared though, this is a very good thing!
Protostar forces you to really think and puts your logic and reasoning skills to the test. In my personal opinion, it strikes the perfect learning curve balance. Keep in mind that you'll need some basic knowledge of a scripting language to go through Protostar smoothly. In our example here, we'll be using Python.
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Setting Up Protostar in VirtualBox
In order to run a virtual machine, we need a virtualization environment. In this tutorial, we'll be using VirtualBox, which you can download for free. Protostar can also be run using VMWare Workstation Player if you prefer that piece of virtualization software instead. We won't cover setting Protostar up with VMWare here, though.
In order to setup Protostar, we need to open VirtualBox and click the "New" button in the upper left. A new window will open asking for the name, operating system type, and operating system version. You can name the VM whatever you want. I choose to name mine Protostar. Select "Linux" for the Type. The Version you pick doesn't really matter, as long as you use the 32-bit version of whatever Linux flavor you pick. I used 32-bit Ubuntu in order to set up the VM.
What Is Protostar?
Protostar is a vulnerable virtual machine from Exploit Exercises. This website hosts several virtual machines that focus more on manual exploitation. So kiss Metasploit and Exploit-DB goodbye, because your mind is the only exploit database at your disposal. Don't be scared though, this is a very good thing!
Protostar forces you to really think and puts your logic and reasoning skills to the test. In my personal opinion, it strikes the perfect learning curve balance. Keep in mind that you'll need some basic knowledge of a scripting language to go through Protostar smoothly. In our example here, we'll be using Python.
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Clicking on "Next" will start a list of several options for the new machine. All of the default settings will work just fine, so you can click right through this until you've finished creating it.
What Is Protostar?
Protostar is a vulnerable virtual machine from Exploit Exercises. This website hosts several virtual machines that focus more on manual exploitation. So kiss Metasploit and Exploit-DB goodbye, because your mind is the only exploit database at your disposal. Don't be scared though, this is a very good thing!
Protostar forces you to really think and puts your logic and reasoning skills to the test. In my personal opinion, it strikes the perfect learning curve balance. Keep in mind that you'll need some basic knowledge of a scripting language to go through Protostar smoothly. In our example here, we'll be using Python.
@free_hacking_tutorial
What Is Protostar?
Protostar is a vulnerable virtual machine from Exploit Exercises. This website hosts several virtual machines that focus more on manual exploitation. So kiss Metasploit and Exploit-DB goodbye, because your mind is the only exploit database at your disposal. Don't be scared though, this is a very good thing!
Protostar forces you to really think and puts your logic and reasoning skills to the test. In my personal opinion, it strikes the perfect learning curve balance. Keep in mind that you'll need some basic knowledge of a scripting language to go through Protostar smoothly. In our example here, we'll be using Python.
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Once we have created the virtual machine, we need to mount and boot the ISO file as a LiveCD to get Protostar up and running. To do this, click on the "Settings" button in the upper left.
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A new window will pop up with several options listed along the side. Click on the "Storage" option. Select the optical drive by clicking on the CD icon in the middle of the window, and then select the file you want to mount by clicking the CD file on the far right side. Once this is done, the name of the image file should appear under the optical drive.
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Step 3
Connecting to Protostar via SSH
Start up the Protostar VM by clicking the green "Start" arrow on the VirtualBox home screen. Once the VM is up and running, we can connect to it via SSH. This can either be done in the host operating system (the OS your computer runs) or with another virtual machine. The below post offers some advice on how to get started with SSH on different platforms if you've never used it before.
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Connecting to Protostar via SSH
Start up the Protostar VM by clicking the green "Start" arrow on the VirtualBox home screen. Once the VM is up and running, we can connect to it via SSH. This can either be done in the host operating system (the OS your computer runs) or with another virtual machine. The below post offers some advice on how to get started with SSH on different platforms if you've never used it before.
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In this tutorial, I'll be using PuTTY on Windows. Depending on the software you use, the steps needed to log in will vary. Across the board, however, you'll need to know the IP address to connect to and the username and password of a local account to log in as. In the case of Protostar, we log in with the username user and the password user.
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Step 4
Identifying & Exploiting a Stack Overflow in stack0
The nice thing about Protostar is that it includes the source code for all of the levels on the website. While this may not always be available in real life, it's great to have while beginning to learn binary exploitation. All of the code is written in C, however, so it may be good to run through a quick video or article about basic syntax of the C language.
Let's take a look at the source code for the stack0 level:
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Identifying & Exploiting a Stack Overflow in stack0
The nice thing about Protostar is that it includes the source code for all of the levels on the website. While this may not always be available in real life, it's great to have while beginning to learn binary exploitation. All of the code is written in C, however, so it may be good to run through a quick video or article about basic syntax of the C language.
Let's take a look at the source code for the stack0 level:
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We can identify two variables in this program, an integer called modified and a string of characters called buffer. The goal of the level is to overflow the buffer variable so that we change the value of the modified variable.
For those unfamiliar with C, there are two things to note. The keyword volatile used when declaring the modified variable tells the compiler that the variable can change at any time without action being taken by the code nearby. If you are unaware, the compiler is a piece of software which translates the C code written here into a machine-readable code that can be executed. Every programming language has a compiler.
Looking at the rest of the program, it looks like the program will ask for input and store whatever the user gives in the buffer variable. After that, there's an if/else statement that checks to see whether or not modified still equals zero. If it does not, then we've caused a stack overflow and completed the level.
The last thing to note is the declaration of the buffer variable. The [64] means that the compiler will allocate 64 bytes of data for this variable in memory. But what happens if the variable is bigger than 64 bytes? Let's take a look!
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For those unfamiliar with C, there are two things to note. The keyword volatile used when declaring the modified variable tells the compiler that the variable can change at any time without action being taken by the code nearby. If you are unaware, the compiler is a piece of software which translates the C code written here into a machine-readable code that can be executed. Every programming language has a compiler.
Looking at the rest of the program, it looks like the program will ask for input and store whatever the user gives in the buffer variable. After that, there's an if/else statement that checks to see whether or not modified still equals zero. If it does not, then we've caused a stack overflow and completed the level.
The last thing to note is the declaration of the buffer variable. The [64] means that the compiler will allocate 64 bytes of data for this variable in memory. But what happens if the variable is bigger than 64 bytes? Let's take a look!
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WPA3 Standard Officially Launches With New Wi-Fi Security Features
The Wi-Fi Alliance today officially launched WPA3—the next-generation Wi-Fi security standard that promises to eliminate all the known security vulnerabilities and wireless attacks that are up today including the dangerous KRACK attacks.
WPA, or Wi-Fi Protected Access, is a standard designed to authenticate wireless devices using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) protocol and is intended
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The Wi-Fi Alliance today officially launched WPA3—the next-generation Wi-Fi security standard that promises to eliminate all the known security vulnerabilities and wireless attacks that are up today including the dangerous KRACK attacks.
WPA, or Wi-Fi Protected Access, is a standard designed to authenticate wireless devices using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) protocol and is intended
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Hey members I would like to take suggestion about this channel so please take your fraction seconds of your time and give us comments about this channel @anything_you_need_bot
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Hackers are always seeking zero-day exploits that can successfully bypass Windows 10's security features. There has been extensive research into creating undetectable malware and entire GitHub projects dedicated to automating the creation of undetectable payloads such as WinPaylods, Veil v3, and TheFatRat.
With a bit of social engineering, tricking a target user into opening a malicious file can be as simple as injecting a bit of Unicode into the file name. For example, the below GIF shows a Windows executable (EXE) disguised to appear as a normal text file (TXT) — even with "Hide extensions for known file types" disabled in the File Explorer Options.
Make no mistake, the file on the right is an executable and, more importantly, recognized by the Windows operating system as an executable. When the fake text file is clicked, it opens a new document using Notepad, the default text editor in Windows 10. After opening Notepad, it silently executes an embedded PowerShell payload (made with Unicorn) which creates a backdoor to the now compromised Windows computer.
Unicorn, created by TrustedSec, is a simple tool designed to assist penetration tester's with PowerShell downgrade attacks and injecting sophisticated shellcode payloads straight into memory. The techniques utilized by Unicorn are based on the work of Matthew Graeber and TrustedSec founder David Kennedy.
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With a bit of social engineering, tricking a target user into opening a malicious file can be as simple as injecting a bit of Unicode into the file name. For example, the below GIF shows a Windows executable (EXE) disguised to appear as a normal text file (TXT) — even with "Hide extensions for known file types" disabled in the File Explorer Options.
Make no mistake, the file on the right is an executable and, more importantly, recognized by the Windows operating system as an executable. When the fake text file is clicked, it opens a new document using Notepad, the default text editor in Windows 10. After opening Notepad, it silently executes an embedded PowerShell payload (made with Unicorn) which creates a backdoor to the now compromised Windows computer.
Unicorn, created by TrustedSec, is a simple tool designed to assist penetration tester's with PowerShell downgrade attacks and injecting sophisticated shellcode payloads straight into memory. The techniques utilized by Unicorn are based on the work of Matthew Graeber and TrustedSec founder David Kennedy.
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