Organizations with Full Form and Headquarters

IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature Headquarters: Morges, Switzerland

IMD – India Meteorological Department Headquarters: Pune, India

ICRAF – International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (World Agroforestry Centre)
Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya

NABARD – National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
Headquarters: Mumbai, India

ITTO – International Tropical Timber Organization
Headquarters: Yokohama, Japan

WTO – World Trade Organization
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature
Headquarters: Gland, Switzerland

🌍 Important Environmental Protocols

1. Stockholm Conference (UNCHE) – 1972 Launched the international environmental agenda.

2. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) – 1973 Regulates international trade in endangered wildlife species.

3.Vienna Convention – 1985
Aimed at protecting the ozone layer.

4. Montreal Protocol – 1987
Phased out the use of ozone depleting substances.

5. Basel Convention – 1989
Controls transboundary movements of hazardous wastes.

6. Rio Earth Summit (UNCED) – 1992 Promoted sustainable development worldwide.

7. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – 1992 Focused on conservation of global biodiversity.

8. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – 1992 Addressed global climate change challenges.

9. Kyoto Protocol – 1997
Set binding targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

10. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety – 2000 Ensured safe handling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

11. Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10) – 2002 Reviewed progress made since the Rio Earth Summit.

12. Nagoya Protocol – 2010
Promoted fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources.

13. Paris Agreement – 2015 Aimed to limit global warming to well below 2°C.

14. Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26) – 2021 Accelerated commitments for climate action.

15. Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (COP15) – 2022 Set global biodiversity targets for 2030.

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Forestry-footprints

Protected Areas as on January 2026

Total National Parks: 107

Wildlife Sanctuaries: 573

Tiger Reserves: 58

Elephant Reserves: 33

Biosphere Reserves: 18

Marine Protected Areas: 31

Ramsar Sites : 98

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India has added two new Ramsar sites — Patna Bird Sanctuary (Uttar Pradesh) and Chhari-Dhand Wetland (Gujarat) — taking the total number of Ramsar wetlands in the country to 98, strengthening India’s commitment to wetland conservation under the Ramsar Convention. 🌿💧

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World Environment Day is celebrated on: 5 June every year

•Ecological pyramid first formed by: Charles Elton

•Pyramid of energy is always: Upright

•10% law of energy given by: Lindeman

•Father of Ecosystem Ecology: E. P. Odum

•Term “Ecosystem” given by: A. G. Tansley

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Biosphere Reserve

1. Biosphere Reserve is a large protected area for conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
2. It works under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme.
3. The MAB Programme was started in 1971.

4. India started its Biosphere Reserve programme in 1986.
5. The first Biosphere Reserve of India is Nilgiri (1986).
6. India currently has 18 Biosphere Reserves.

7. Twelve Indian Biosphere Reserves are included in UNESCO World Network.
8. Main aim is biodiversity conservation with human participation.
9. Divided into 3 Zone - Core Zone | Buffer Zone Transition Zone

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🌿 Temperature-Based Classification of Plants

1️⃣ Megatherms – Plants that grow in consistently high temperatures throughout the year, mainly found in tropical regions.

2️⃣ Mesotherms – Plants that grow in regions with moderate temperatures and experience alternating high (summer) and low (winter) seasons.

3️⃣ Microtherms – Plants that grow in continuously low temperatures, commonly found in cool temperate and mountainous regions.

4️⃣ Hekistotherms – Plants that grow in extremely low temperatures throughout the year, mainly adapted to polar and tundra regions.

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🌱 Tamil Nadu becomes the 4th State with State Agroforestry Policy

Tamil Nadu has become the 4th Indian state to introduce a State Agroforestry Policy. Earlier, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, and Odisha had already launched similar policies.

Odisha released its State Agroforestry Policy on 9 July 2025 to increase farmers’ income, improve soil health, and promote climate-resilient tree–crop farming systems.

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Study of plants - Botany

Study of animals - Zoology

Study of rocks - Petrology

Study of climate - Climatology

Study of water - Hydrology

Study of environment and interaction - Ecology

Study of weather and atmosphere - Meteorology

Study of forests and management - Forestry

Study of soil formation - Paedogenesis

Study of earth and its structure - Geology

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World Sparrow Day is celebrated every year on March 20th to raise awareness about the decline of the house sparrow and other common birds due to urbanization and pollution. Initiated by the Nature Forever Society of India in 2010 , the day promotes conservation efforts to protect these birds.

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List of MPTs

Botanical Name & Common Name

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Difference between Forest Soil & Cultivation Soil (Indian forestry)

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Chipko Movement (means to hug or to embrace) Year :- 1973

Place :- Chamoli, Uttarakhand
Leaders :- Sunderlal Bahuguna, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Gaura Devi.
Cause :- Commercial logging by govt.
Method :- Villagers hugged trees to stop cutting.
Outcome :- Green felling ban in Himalayas (15 yrs)

Appiko Movement (Appiko means “to hug” in Kannada)Year :- 1983

Place :- Kalase forest of Karnataka.
Leader :- Pandurang Hegde.
Cause :- Contractors Deforestation & over-logging in Western Ghats.
Methods :- Villagers hugged trees + awareness rallies & folk methods.
Outcomes :- Logging stopped, forest policy reviewed in Karnataka.

We, our nature and us, are One.
Forestry-footprints.

India's Ramsar site count reaches 99 with addition of Shekha Jheel Bird Sanctuary in UP's Aligarh

Uttar Pradesh now has 12 designated Ramsar sites

Site acts as a crucial stopover on Central Asian Flyway, key for migratory birds

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🌿 Forest Tree Diseases & Their Causal Organisms

1. Sissoo wilt → Fusarium solani

2. Khair root rot → Ganoderma lucidum

3. Khair heart rot → Fomes badius

4. Sal root rot → Polyporus shoreae

5. Sal heart rot → Hymenochaete rubiginosa

6. Teak wilt → Pseudomonas solanacearum

7. Teak root rot → Polyporus zonalis

8. Casuarina wilt → Trichosporium vesiculosum

9. Silver fir & spruce root rot → Armillarea mellea

10. Deodar root rot → Fomes annosus

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Canopy density refers to the percentage of ground area covered by the vertical projection of tree crowns (leaves and branches) in a forest.

👉 Simple meaning: It tells us how much of the sky is blocked by tree cover when you look up from the ground.

National Agroforestry Day :- 8 May
Agroforestry System around the Globe

:- Father of Agroforestry:  P. K. Ramachandran Nair.

:- Attributes of Agroforestry: Productivity, Sustainability, and Adoptability

:- Agroforestry system can be categorized on the basis of four criteria: - Structural, Functional, Socio-economic, and Ecological basis.

:- The first seminar on Agroforestry by ICAR at Imphal during 1979.

:-India is the first country in the world to adopt a comprehensive agroforestry policy. 

:- The National Agroforestry Policy (NAP) was launched by the President of India in February 2014 at the World Agroforestry Congress. 

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