Grassland: A grassland is a natural vegetation type dominated by grasses, with few or no trees, found in areas of moderate rainfall.

Types of Grasslands

Veldts: Temperate grasslands of South Africa.
Downs: Rolling grasslands of Australia.
Savannah: Tropical grasslands with scattered trees, mainly in Africa.
Prairies: Fertile temperate grasslands of North America.
Pampas: Temperate grasslands of South America (Argentina).
Steppes: Dry temperate grasslands of Europe and Asia.
Tussocks: Tufted grasslands of New Zealand.

Forest Trees – One-Liner Notes

God fruit tree – Aegle marmelos (Bael; sacred medicinal tree)

Chironji tree – Buchanania lanzan (Edible seeds)

Forest flame tree – Butea monosperma (Orange-Red flowers)

Indian laburnum – Cassia fistula (Golden shower tree)

Beef wood – Casuarina equisetifolia (Hard coastal timber)

Sago palm – Cycas revoluta (Gymnosperm ornamental)

Rosewood – Dalbergia latifolia (High-value timber)

Malabar wood – Hopea parviflora (Evergreen forest timber)

Indian elm – Ulmus wallichiana (Temperate Himalayan tree)

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The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has introduced India's first red "table-top" road surfaces on the Bhopal-Jabalpur section of NH-45 in Madhya Pradesh to enhance wildlife safety. These 5 mm raised red, chequered markings act as a visual and tactile deterrent, forcing motorists to reduce speed through the Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary.

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Gujarat has become the only state in India where three big cat species — lion, tiger and leopard — are found together.

'Tiger State' status after 33 years as NTCA confirms resident tiger.

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Organizations with Full Form and Headquarters

IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature Headquarters: Morges, Switzerland

IMD – India Meteorological Department Headquarters: Pune, India

ICRAF – International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (World Agroforestry Centre)
Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya

NABARD – National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
Headquarters: Mumbai, India

ITTO – International Tropical Timber Organization
Headquarters: Yokohama, Japan

WTO – World Trade Organization
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature
Headquarters: Gland, Switzerland

🌍 Important Environmental Protocols

1. Stockholm Conference (UNCHE) – 1972 Launched the international environmental agenda.

2. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) – 1973 Regulates international trade in endangered wildlife species.

3.Vienna Convention – 1985
Aimed at protecting the ozone layer.

4. Montreal Protocol – 1987
Phased out the use of ozone depleting substances.

5. Basel Convention – 1989
Controls transboundary movements of hazardous wastes.

6. Rio Earth Summit (UNCED) – 1992 Promoted sustainable development worldwide.

7. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – 1992 Focused on conservation of global biodiversity.

8. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – 1992 Addressed global climate change challenges.

9. Kyoto Protocol – 1997
Set binding targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

10. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety – 2000 Ensured safe handling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

11. Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10) – 2002 Reviewed progress made since the Rio Earth Summit.

12. Nagoya Protocol – 2010
Promoted fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources.

13. Paris Agreement – 2015 Aimed to limit global warming to well below 2°C.

14. Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26) – 2021 Accelerated commitments for climate action.

15. Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (COP15) – 2022 Set global biodiversity targets for 2030.

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Forestry-footprints

Protected Areas as on January 2026

Total National Parks: 107

Wildlife Sanctuaries: 573

Tiger Reserves: 58

Elephant Reserves: 33

Biosphere Reserves: 18

Marine Protected Areas: 31

Ramsar Sites : 98

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India has added two new Ramsar sites — Patna Bird Sanctuary (Uttar Pradesh) and Chhari-Dhand Wetland (Gujarat) — taking the total number of Ramsar wetlands in the country to 98, strengthening India’s commitment to wetland conservation under the Ramsar Convention. 🌿💧

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World Environment Day is celebrated on: 5 June every year

•Ecological pyramid first formed by: Charles Elton

•Pyramid of energy is always: Upright

•10% law of energy given by: Lindeman

•Father of Ecosystem Ecology: E. P. Odum

•Term “Ecosystem” given by: A. G. Tansley

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Biosphere Reserve

1. Biosphere Reserve is a large protected area for conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
2. It works under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme.
3. The MAB Programme was started in 1971.

4. India started its Biosphere Reserve programme in 1986.
5. The first Biosphere Reserve of India is Nilgiri (1986).
6. India currently has 18 Biosphere Reserves.

7. Twelve Indian Biosphere Reserves are included in UNESCO World Network.
8. Main aim is biodiversity conservation with human participation.
9. Divided into 3 Zone - Core Zone | Buffer Zone Transition Zone

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