Classification of Plants Based on Temperature

1. The plants growing in high temperature throughout the year called- Megatherms

2. The plants growing in alternate high and low temperature called- Mesotherms

3. The plants growing in low temperature throughout the year called- Microtherms

4. The plants growing in very low temperature throughout the year- Hekistotherms

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Kerala has become the first state to pass a bill amending the Central Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, called the Wildlife Protection (Kerala Amendment) Act, 2025.

The amendment, passed on October 8, 2025, aims to address increasing human-animal conflicts and empowers the Chief Wildlife Warden to order the shooting, tranquilizing, capturing, or translocation of animals that attack humans or stray into settlements.

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Bihar's Gogabeel Lake has been designated a Ramsar site, marking India's 94th wetland of international importance. This community-managed oxbow lake, situated between the Ganga and Mahananda rivers, highlights India's growing commitment to wetland conservation.

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Biosphere Reserves in India

India has 18 notified Biosphere Reserves covering approximately 91,425 sq. km, of which 13 are recognized by UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR).

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The Supreme Court on Thursday prohibited mining within a one-kilometre radius of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, observing that such activity is hazardous for the wildlife, Live Law reported.

Reiterating its April 2023 order that had imposed similar restrictions on mining in Goa, the court said the direction would apply nationwide.

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The Supreme Court on Monday directed the State of Uttarakhand to restore the ecological damage caused to the Corbett Tiger Reserve by construction activities and illegal tree felling.

More information :- https://www.barandbench.com/news/supreme-court-directs-uttarakhand-to-repair-damage-to-corbett-tiger-reserve-demolish-illegal-structures

Seventeen months after the Maharashtra government submitted a proposal for a leopard birth control programme, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) granted its approval on Monday, making it the country's first such initiative.

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Wildlife

1. A group of tigers is called- Ambush

2. A group of lions is called- Pride

3. Group of camels is called- Caravan

4. The young one of the tiger is called- Cub

5. Young ones of deer is called- Fawn

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Every year 4th December is marked as International Cheetah Day since 2010. The day is dedicated to emphasizing global efforts to prevent the cheetah's extinction and promote its conservation.

They are the world’s fastest land mammals, found in parts of Africa and Asia. Namibia has the world's largest population of cheetahs.

Under the Cheetah Reintroduction Project, cheetahs were translocated to India from Namibia and South Africa in 2022 and 2023.

International Cheetah Day https://share.google/mUbWpUlhuufl3SzKY

One Year of Project Cheetah https://share.google/5hJa3gJ6MLiF1oxKH

Link Credit :- Drishti IAS

Soil Water Content

1. Holard - The total amount of water present in the soil.

2. Chresard - The amount of water available to plants.

3. Echard - The amount of water that is not available to plants.

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Siliserh Lake in Alwar, Rajasthan, and Kopra Jalashay near Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh have been designated as new Ramsar Sites. This recognition strengthens India's efforts in wetland conservation, protection of biodiversity, and support for sustainable livelihoods.

With these additions, India now has 96 Ramsar Sites, up from 26 in 2014.

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Grassland: A grassland is a natural vegetation type dominated by grasses, with few or no trees, found in areas of moderate rainfall.

Types of Grasslands

Veldts: Temperate grasslands of South Africa.
Downs: Rolling grasslands of Australia.
Savannah: Tropical grasslands with scattered trees, mainly in Africa.
Prairies: Fertile temperate grasslands of North America.
Pampas: Temperate grasslands of South America (Argentina).
Steppes: Dry temperate grasslands of Europe and Asia.
Tussocks: Tufted grasslands of New Zealand.

Forest Trees – One-Liner Notes

God fruit tree – Aegle marmelos (Bael; sacred medicinal tree)

Chironji tree – Buchanania lanzan (Edible seeds)

Forest flame tree – Butea monosperma (Orange-Red flowers)

Indian laburnum – Cassia fistula (Golden shower tree)

Beef wood – Casuarina equisetifolia (Hard coastal timber)

Sago palm – Cycas revoluta (Gymnosperm ornamental)

Rosewood – Dalbergia latifolia (High-value timber)

Malabar wood – Hopea parviflora (Evergreen forest timber)

Indian elm – Ulmus wallichiana (Temperate Himalayan tree)

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The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has introduced India's first red "table-top" road surfaces on the Bhopal-Jabalpur section of NH-45 in Madhya Pradesh to enhance wildlife safety. These 5 mm raised red, chequered markings act as a visual and tactile deterrent, forcing motorists to reduce speed through the Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary.

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Gujarat has become the only state in India where three big cat species — lion, tiger and leopard — are found together.

'Tiger State' status after 33 years as NTCA confirms resident tiger.

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Organizations with Full Form and Headquarters

IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature Headquarters: Morges, Switzerland

IMD – India Meteorological Department Headquarters: Pune, India

ICRAF – International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (World Agroforestry Centre)
Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya

NABARD – National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
Headquarters: Mumbai, India

ITTO – International Tropical Timber Organization
Headquarters: Yokohama, Japan

WTO – World Trade Organization
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature
Headquarters: Gland, Switzerland

🌍 Important Environmental Protocols

1. Stockholm Conference (UNCHE) – 1972 Launched the international environmental agenda.

2. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) – 1973 Regulates international trade in endangered wildlife species.

3.Vienna Convention – 1985
Aimed at protecting the ozone layer.

4. Montreal Protocol – 1987
Phased out the use of ozone depleting substances.

5. Basel Convention – 1989
Controls transboundary movements of hazardous wastes.

6. Rio Earth Summit (UNCED) – 1992 Promoted sustainable development worldwide.

7. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – 1992 Focused on conservation of global biodiversity.

8. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – 1992 Addressed global climate change challenges.

9. Kyoto Protocol – 1997
Set binding targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

10. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety – 2000 Ensured safe handling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

11. Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10) – 2002 Reviewed progress made since the Rio Earth Summit.

12. Nagoya Protocol – 2010
Promoted fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources.

13. Paris Agreement – 2015 Aimed to limit global warming to well below 2°C.

14. Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26) – 2021 Accelerated commitments for climate action.

15. Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (COP15) – 2022 Set global biodiversity targets for 2030.

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