Forests consist of 4 layers namely

Forest floor; which consists of decomposing leaves, animals remains and dead parts of trees.

Understory; which consists of bushes, shrubs and young trees.

Canopy; which consists of the uppermost branches of the trees in the forest.

Emergent layer; which consists of a few scattered trees that tower over the canopy.

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Forest regeneration is the act of renewing tree cover by establishing young trees naturally or artificially, promptly after the previous stand or forest has been removed.

The 3 ways of forest regeneration

Natural Regeneration ; which involves the re-establishment of a forest stand by natural means, i.e by natural seeding or vegetative regeneration.

Assisted Natural Regeneration; which involves the re-establishment of the secondary forest from degraded grassland and shrub vegetation by protecting and nurturing the mother trees and their wildlings.

Artificial Regeneration; which involves the renewal of forest crops by sowing, planting or other artificial methods.

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📎 IFoS (Mains) Forestry Optional (2024)

📌 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Founded in 1964, it is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.

📚 Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups.

1. Extinct (EX)
2. Extinct in the wild (EW)
3. Critically endangered (CR)
4. Endangered (EN)
5. Vulnerable (VU)
6. Near threatened (NT)
7. Least concern (LC)
8. Data deficient (DD)
9. Not evaluated (NE)

✅ When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable.

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The Union Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Shri Bhupender Yadav, has officially announced the notification of the Ratapani Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh as India's 57th Tiger Reserve. This remarkable step emphasizes India's commitment to tiger conservation and highlights the nation's dedication to preserving its rich biodiversity.

Ratapani Tiger Reserve is now the 8th tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh, reaffirming the state's title as the "Tiger State of India." 🐯🐅🐯🐅

:- Total Wildlife Sanctuaries :- 573

:- Total National Parks :- 106

:- Total Bird Sanctuaries in India :- 72

:- Total Biosphere reserves in India :- 18

:- Total Tiger Reserves In India :- 58

:- Total Elephant Reserves In India :- 33

:- Total Ramsar Sites ( wetlands) :- 89

:- Total Biodiversity Hotspot 🇮🇳 :- 4
World :- 36

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Source :- Google.

The ISFR 2023 report recorded forest cover and tree cover was 25.17%. The total forest cover was 7,15,342.61 sq km which is 21.76% of the geographical area of the country and the tree cover is 3.41% of the geographical area of the country. With these two, total forest and tree covers are 8,27,356.95 sq km.

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Indian State of Forest Report 2023. Vol - 1

Indian State of Forest Report 2023. Vol - 2