For Baudrillard, a Simulacrum is a sort of simulation of a simulation that no longer directly relates to reality in any real way. Usually this is about how the media presents a shared reality to us, often about things like war. A mundane example might be something like grape flavored candy. You might notice it doesn't really taste much like grapes, also it doesn't use any grapes in the production of it. We can assume it originally was designed to taste like grapes, however supposedly the type of grape it was simulating is no longer around, so grapes we buy at the store don't taste like what the first candies were even going for. So if a new candy is coming out today they probably try to make it taste like "purple grape flavor" rather than grapes itself, because that's what the consumer is actually expecting. The connection to reality is therefore severed, and grape flavor is a pure simulacrum.
The same, I think, more or less goes for diving in football. Players seem to show behaviors to me that are totally unique to the sport for simulating pain. They roll around in a very particular way, have certain shared mannerisms, etc. I believe they are for the most part no longer showing a simulation of pain, but rather a simulation of other football player's behavior when trying to draw a foul. You can see how this situation would come about, obviously. When football started players began to notice that the refs would award fouls more easily if they visibly displayed their pain, so they began simulating pain. Then they probably began to notice that some players were better at drawing fouls, so they would simulate how those players acted. Over a hundred years of diving the performance has become its own art form, with little to no connection to reality: a simulacrum. Interestingly enough, they perform this simulacrum whether or not there was a foul, and whether or not they are actually in pain. This is because they aren't trying to display pain, even if it is real, they are trying to show the referee that a foul has a occurred, so they perform the act of "footballer in pain" even as they are actually in pain, and in fact are often in a weird way even masking their genuine natural reaction to the pain to do so.

Foucault was definitely using some beads for assistance when he wrote Discipline and Punish, that's all I'm going to say.

All I want for Christmas is a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie!

"On the atomic level there is no different between lying on your back and standing up, so if you think about it like that...uh...it was a tie."

"I choose to accept my punishment, because I lived under the laws so I must honour those laws to the letter, even if they are really, really stupid..."

The original answer "a man", because he crawls as a baby, walks as an adult, and uses a cane as an old man makes it, in my opinion, a very suspect riddle. Seems like pretty loose thinking at best, some philosophers might actually help on that one.

"Second question: is it ethical for a student to disrupt class discussion with political grandstanding?"

Simone Weil thought that all ethics, and even all religions, ultimately amounted to the same thing once they were properly understood. She pointed out that there were certain similarities between every moral system history. For example, every religious and moral system has always said that if a rich man walks by a poor and starving man, he is obligating to give him money and food. Another interesting one is that every moral system agrees that people in power should be punished for moral digressions more than people without power and responsibility. For example, more or less everyone agrees that a coach should be punished for cheating more than a player, because they have more power and authority, so their cheating is a higher level of corruption.
Weirdly, when we look at actual societies, these universally agreed upon moral rules have never been applied. For example, in every society there have been rich men and staving poor who go unhelped. In every society the rich and powerful get away with crimes far more than the powerless masses. Why the disconnect? It's almost enough to make you think society is not organized around moral principles.