.

.

حرام باليد احسن من حلال على الشجرة

Often, we speak of great inventions as if they make their own case merely by existing, but in fact, people don’t start building and using a device simply because it’s clever. The technological breakthrough represented by an invention is only one ingredient in its success. The social context is what really determines whether it will “take.” The steam engine provides a case in point. What could be more useful? What could be more obviously world-changing? Yet the steam engine was invented in the Muslim world over three centuries before it popped up in the West, and in the Muslim world it didn’t change much of anything. The steam engine invented there was used to power a spit so that a whole sheep might be roasted efficiently at a rich man’s banquet. (A description of this device appears in a 1551 book by the Turkish engineer Taqi al-Din.) After the spit, however, no other application for the device occurred to anyone, so it was forgotten. Another case in point: the ancient Chinese had all the technology they needed by the tenth century to mechanize production and mass produce goods, but they didn’t use it that way. They used geared machinery to make toys. They used a water-driven turbine to power a big clock. If they had used these technologies to build labor-saving machinery of the type that spawned factories in nineteenth-century Europe, the Industrial Revolution would almost certainly have started in China.

The first emperor, for example, put about a million people to work building the Great Wall. A later emperor employed even more workers to dig the Grand Canal, which connected the country’s two major river systems. Yes, China had the technology to build labor-saving machinery, but who was going to build it? Only the imperial bureacracy had the capacity, and why would it bother to save something it already had too much of? China was overpopulated and labor was cheap. If a lot of laborers were left at loose ends, whose job would it be to deal with the resulting social disruptions? The bureacracy. The one institution capable of industrializing China had no motive to undertake it.Likewise, Muslim inventors didn’t think of using steam power to make devices that would mass-produce consumer goods, because they lived in a society already overflowing with an abundance of consumer goods, handcrafted by millions of artisans and distributed by efficient trade networks. Besides, the inventors worked for an idle class of elite folks who had all the goods they could consume and whose lot in life did not call upon them to produce—much less mass-produce—anything.

It wasn’t some dysfunction in these societies that generated their indifference to potentially world-changing technologies, quite the opposite. It was something working too well that led them into “a high-level equilibrium trap” (to borrow a phrase from historian Mark Elvin.) Necessity, it turns out, isn’t really the mother of invention; it’s the mother of the process that turns an invention into a product, and in late-eighteenth-century Europe, that mother was ready.

— Destiny Disrupted

By Roberto Ferri, the modern Caravaggio

.

قبل الثورة الصناعية في كل مكانٍ حول العالم، في أوروبا كما في غيرها، كان جزءٌ كبير من التصنيع يتم على أيدي النساء، باعتبار أنّ كل شيء ذو قيمةٍ تقريبًا كان يُنتَج في البيت أو قريبًا منه. إذ حاكت النساء الأقمشة وصنعن الملابس. وكان لهن دورٌ كبير في رعاية الحيوانات ومكاثرتها. حوّلت النساء المواد الخام من القطعان والمزارع إلى منتجاتٍ مفيدة، ومارسن حِرَفًا أُخرى كذلك. عندما تم مكننة هذه الحِرف، فإنّ "الصناعة المنزلية" دُمِّرَت وتُرِكَت أعدادٌ لا تحصى من النساء بلا عمل.

— كتاب 'Destiny Disrupted'

مشتاق للترجمة وعلي

اليعرف قصة حلوة وكصيرة لبورخيس يدزها

Bot
اريد افهم شنو تكتب

خريط حتى ابين روحي مثقف

This isn't work, this is unpaid labor
All these women, with their mass production of goods, had no means of actually mobilizing it in any direction they may wish, women didn't inherit land, they had no choice in the governing of expenses or even trades, if they wanted to opt out they had no choice in the matter
بعدين اذا فعلا عدهم كل هالامكانية و هالانتاجية ليش محد جان مقدرهم؟
Women were utilized
و بالنسبة للبطالة
دولة أمريكا رب الرأسمالية نسبة البطالة للرجال اكثر من النساء، ٣.٨% مقابل ٣.٤% ف يمكن آخر سطر ينطبق على الكل

تعقيبا على الحياة قبل الثورة الصناعية
الأشياء اللي جانت موجودة
المرأة صار الها حق ترأس شغل زوجها اذا مات، هالحق انطوا تقريبا بس بالفترة اللي جان منتشر بيها الطاعون الأسود
النساء مجان الهم ذكر بالاوراق القانونية
المزارع اذا مجانت ملك العائلة نفسها، و جان لورد يملكها، جان يتحكم ب منو بنات الرجال اللي يشتغلون عده يتزوجون و جان يجبرهم يتزوجون رجال اللورد يراد علاقات اقتصادية وياهم
النساء جانوا يعتبرون مواطنين درجة ثانية من قبل الكنيسة
هواية نساء اختاروا يصيرون راهبات حتى مينجبرون على هالشي
بسبب الحروب تحول تركيز التعليم للنساء و صارت الدير تستخدم ك مدارس للطبقة المتوسطة و فوق المتوسطة و هلكد ما نجحت الولد صاروا يدخلون الها
اغلب النساء
و بعدين نجي للفترة اللي حركوا آلاف و آلاف من النساء على ادعاء السحر