The first days of his madness:
On entering Nietzsche’s room, Overbeck discovered his friend cowering on the corner of a sofa. Ostensibly he was proofreading the pages of a book. He was holding the printed sheets up close to his bewildered face, like a child pretending to read. He knew the actions expected for the task. The paper must be this far from his nose; he must scan from left to right and back again. The words on the page obviously meant nothing to him.
At Overbeck’s entrance, he rushed at him, embraced him violently and broke into sobbing. Then he sank back on the sofa, twitching, moaning and quivering. Overbeck was a quiet, steady man who was not given to emotional display but on seeing his old friend in this state his legs gave way; he staggered and almost collapsed.
On entering Nietzsche’s room, Overbeck discovered his friend cowering on the corner of a sofa. Ostensibly he was proofreading the pages of a book. He was holding the printed sheets up close to his bewildered face, like a child pretending to read. He knew the actions expected for the task. The paper must be this far from his nose; he must scan from left to right and back again. The words on the page obviously meant nothing to him.
At Overbeck’s entrance, he rushed at him, embraced him violently and broke into sobbing. Then he sank back on the sofa, twitching, moaning and quivering. Overbeck was a quiet, steady man who was not given to emotional display but on seeing his old friend in this state his legs gave way; he staggered and almost collapsed.
As the train rushed through the dark St Gotthard tunnel running beneath the Alps, Overbeck heard Nietzsche’s voice clear and coherent singing the ‘Gondola Song’, one of his own poems that he had inserted into his book Ecce Homo:
My soul, a stringed instrument,
Invisibly touched,
Sang secretly to itself,
A Gondola song,
Tremulous, rich with joy.
Was anyone listening?
My soul, a stringed instrument,
Invisibly touched,
Sang secretly to itself,
A Gondola song,
Tremulous, rich with joy.
Was anyone listening?
The asylum's report on his condition reads:
‘Body healthy and well developed. Muscular. Deep-chested. Heart sounds low-pitched, normal. Pulse regular 70. Pupillar disparity, right larger than the left, reaction to light sluggish. Tongue heavily furred. Exaggerated patellar reflex. Urine clear, acid, containing neither sugar nor albumen.
‘Body healthy and well developed. Muscular. Deep-chested. Heart sounds low-pitched, normal. Pulse regular 70. Pupillar disparity, right larger than the left, reaction to light sluggish. Tongue heavily furred. Exaggerated patellar reflex. Urine clear, acid, containing neither sugar nor albumen.
During Binswanger’s (the doctor in the asylum) classes, Nietzsche took his turn in being one of the patients exhibited as a teaching aid. He did not perceive this as any sort of humiliation. While he did not know what he was doing there, he obviously felt his importance as a personage. He behaved courteously to the medical attendants, repeatedly expressing gratitude, comporting himself towards them as a gracious master to his servants. He thanked them for his splendid reception. He tried to shake the doctor’s hand over and over again. Somewhere in his mind he knew that the doctor was of superior social standing, as he was himself.
When Binswanger wished to show off some disturbances in the patient’s walk, Nietzsche moved so slowly and lethargically that the symptoms could not be seen. ‘Now, Herr Professor,’ Binswanger scolded, ‘an old soldier like you surely can still march!’ Upon which Nietzsche began to pace along the lecture hall with a firm gait.
There were calm intervals of pathetic charm. He asked the doctor with a smile, ‘Give me a little health.’
When Binswanger wished to show off some disturbances in the patient’s walk, Nietzsche moved so slowly and lethargically that the symptoms could not be seen. ‘Now, Herr Professor,’ Binswanger scolded, ‘an old soldier like you surely can still march!’ Upon which Nietzsche began to pace along the lecture hall with a firm gait.
There were calm intervals of pathetic charm. He asked the doctor with a smile, ‘Give me a little health.’
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With his mother (1890)
In his mother's care:
He slept most of the morning. When he had been washed and dressed he would spend the rest of the day in the other room, sitting for hours brooding dully. Sometimes he would play with dolls and other toys. His mother read aloud to him for as long as her voice held out. He did not understand the words but he liked to hear their sound. He did not like visitors. When the barber came to trim his strongly growing beard and moustache, and the masseur to rub some circulation through his atrophying muscles, he objected violently.
He slept most of the morning. When he had been washed and dressed he would spend the rest of the day in the other room, sitting for hours brooding dully. Sometimes he would play with dolls and other toys. His mother read aloud to him for as long as her voice held out. He did not understand the words but he liked to hear their sound. He did not like visitors. When the barber came to trim his strongly growing beard and moustache, and the masseur to rub some circulation through his atrophying muscles, he objected violently.
His mother records a typical incident when she asked if he wanted a meal, and he replied, ‘Do I have a mouth for it? Should I eat that? my mouth I say, I want to eat … What is that here? an ear What is that here? a nose What is that here? hands I do not love.’ But somewhere in the labyrinthine brain there remained, if not some sort of recollection, then at least a dim shadow of what he had once been: if something pleased him or he found it beautiful, he called it ‘a book’, and he dwelled on the question of whether he was stupid. ‘“No, my dear son,” I say to him, “you are not stupid, your books are now world-shaking.” “No, I am stupid.”’
أمّا عن ارتباط نيتشه بهتلر والنازية وتشويه تراثه وكتبه، فالسبب يعود بشكل كبير لأُخته إليزالبيث. بوقتها هي استحوذت على حقوق الملكية الفكرية وعدّلت كتبه ومخطوطاته كما يحلو لها ونشرت كتب ومقالات تعتاش بيها على شُهرة أخوها وأفكاره حتى تطش وتصير شخصية مشهورة وذات نفوذ. هالشي تحقق بعدين لما وصل الحزب النازي للسلطة واستخدموا ارشيف نيتشه وتراثه الفكري بصفته أساس إيديولوجي لسياساتهم.
هتلر زارها أكثر من مرة، وحضر جنازتها (صورته وهو حزين أمام التابوت موجودة للآن).
هتلر زارها أكثر من مرة، وحضر جنازتها (صورته وهو حزين أمام التابوت موجودة للآن).
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أمّا عن ارتباط نيتشه بهتلر والنازية وتشويه تراثه وكتبه، فالسبب يعود بشكل كبير لأُخته إليزالبيث. بوقتها هي استحوذت على حقوق الملكية الفكرية وعدّلت كتبه ومخطوطاته كما يحلو لها ونشرت كتب ومقالات تعتاش بيها على شُهرة أخوها وأفكاره حتى تطش وتصير شخصية مشهورة وذات…
From then until Elisabeth’s death in 1935, she controlled access to and publication, editing and copyright of all Nietzsche’s work, as well as letters written to and by him. She had put herself in the position to exercise whatever censorship she desired, to shape her brother’s writing and his life story, and to receive the royalties for whatever she permitted to be published.
During those years Elisabeth was the spider at the centre of the Nietzsche archive, weaving her brother’s words into her own web and inflating her own reputation through presenting her brother as the mystic prophet of her own convictions.
Elisabeth had never understood his rejection of all systems and of all philosophies that reduced the world to a single system. The revolutionary opposition to certainty that led him to describe himself as the philosopher of ‘perhaps’ was beyond her comprehension. She ignored his idea of himself as a practical joker, the philosopher who would rather be seen as a buffoon than a saint.
During those years Elisabeth was the spider at the centre of the Nietzsche archive, weaving her brother’s words into her own web and inflating her own reputation through presenting her brother as the mystic prophet of her own convictions.
Elisabeth had never understood his rejection of all systems and of all philosophies that reduced the world to a single system. The revolutionary opposition to certainty that led him to describe himself as the philosopher of ‘perhaps’ was beyond her comprehension. She ignored his idea of himself as a practical joker, the philosopher who would rather be seen as a buffoon than a saint.
‘We are drunk with enthusiasm because at the head of our government stands such a wonderful, indeed phenomenal, personality like our magnificent Chancellor Adolf Hitler,’ gushed Elisabeth. ‘Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Führer.’
من سخرية القدر أنّ علاقته بأُخته أبد ما كانت جيدة والمشاكل بينهم هواي. قبلما يفقد عقله بفترة قريبة كاللها أنّه قرر ينهي علاقته بيها للأبد، ودائمًا جان يوصف عائلته (وأُخته بالأخص) بأنّهم مثل سلاسل chains تقيّده. رغم أنّه كدر يتحرر من كل القيود الثانية، لكن هاي القيود بعدها تسببله "المرض" اللي دائمًا جان يوصفه بـ :
chain-sickness (Kettenkrankheit)
chain-sickness (Kettenkrankheit)