لا يَقومُ عِمادُ الدول، قديمِها وحديثِها، إلا بالأسلحة والقوانين. لا يُمكن فرضُ القوانين إنْ لَم تكن الدولة ذاتَ بأسٍ وسلاح. ومن هذا يتبع أنّ الدولةَ إنْ مَلَكَتِ السلاح، فَرَضَت القوانين.

Poor is the apprentice who does not surpass his master.

— Attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

بِئسَ المُتعَلِّمُ الذي لا يتفوَّق على مُعَلَّمِه

وَرِثتُ عن أجدادي تَرَحُّلَهم
أصنَعُ حَيثُ ارتَحَلتُ أوطاني

عِناقُنا رُقعةٌ مُحَرَّرةٌ
حدودُها الصَدرُ والذِراعانِ

مَن ذاقَ هذا فلا شَكا أبدًا
جَورَ مُلوكٍ وضِيقَ بُلدانِ

لَم يَظلِمِ الدهرُ مَن أُتيحَ له
هذا الهوى مِن إنسٍ ومِن جانِ

دَعِ الهوى يُحيي أو يُميتُ فلا
فَرقَ فهذا وذا مُريحَانِ

— تميم، تقبيل

كأنّه استشهادٌ بدونِ دمٍ
في خَيرِ حربٍ وخيرِ ميدانِ

أخوضُ بالعشّاقِ الحروبَ ولا
بِكلِّ شاكي السلاحِ غضبانِ

فَكُلُّهم قتلىً يا أخي ونَجَوا
وإنّه لا يكونُ قَتلانِ

When a stroke destroys the motor cortex on the brain’s left hemisphere and, as a result, the patient has paralysis on the right side of the face, the muscles cannot act and the mouth tends to be pulled toward the normally moving side. Asking the patient to open the mouth and reveal the teeth only heightens the asymmetry. Yet when the patient smiles or laughs spontaneously, in response to a humorous remark, something entirely different happens: the smile is normal, both sides of the face move as they should, and the expression is natural, no different from the usual pre-paralysis smile of that individual.¹ This illustrates that the motor control for an emotion-related movement sequence is not in the same location as the control for a voluntary act. The emotion-related movement is triggered elsewhere in the brain (mainly in the anterior cingulate), even if the arena for the movement, the face and its musculature, is the same.

¹it is called automatic-voluntary dissociation


— Descartes' Error

بالمقابل، أكو emotional facial palsy اللي هو معاكس لهاي الحالة بالضبط. هنا المريض يكون وجهه طبيعي عدا لما يحرك عضلات وجهه بشكل لاإرادي مثل لما يضحك أو يبجي. هاي يسموها:
Inverse automatic-voluntary dissociation

Duchenne determined that a smile of real joy required the combined involuntary contraction of two muscles, the zygomatic major and the orbicularis oculi. He discovered further that the latter muscle could be moved only involuntarily; there was no way of activating it willfully. The involuntary activators of the orbicularis oculi, as Duchenne put it, were “the sweet emotions of the soul.” As for the zygomatic major, it can be activated both involuntarily and by our will and is thus the proper avenue for smiles of politeness.

— Descartes' Error

A new TB guideline just dropped

خيرُ الفضائلِ ضَبطُ النفس؛ بِهِ فقط يمكن أنْ نُوازنَ بين القوةِ والرغبة، وبه تُثمِر مساعي الإنسان

— نيكوس كازانتزاكيس

This is milf MLF (Medial Longitudinal fasciculus).

It makes horizontal gaze (moving your eyes sideways) possible, since it connects the nuclei for cranial nerves III & VI so they can work in unison.

When MLF doesn't work properly, cranial nerve VI abducts the eye, as it normally would, but it won't be able to send the signal to the contralateral cranial nerve III to make it adduct the contralateral eye (so both eyes look in the same direction). This condition then is called internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Why internuclear? Because the connection between (inter-) nuclei of cranial nerves III & VI becomes disrupted.

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (picture A)

There's a weird variant to internuclear ophthalmoplegia called one and a half syndrome. It can be seen with foville syndrome which is damage in the postero-medial pons.

Bot:
وأكو وحدة ثانية هي eight and a half واللي هي اللي ذكرتها مع facial nerve palsy

Cuz get it? 7 and 1.5? Neurologists sense of humor.