BHUNGROO
• Bhungroo is a water harvesting system aimed to enhance water-use efficiency.

• The model is to store rainwater underground, which can be recovered by pumping, and recharging the ground water system.

• Its main benefit is farmers can use the water collected in times of need and avoid crop loss

INTERNATIONAL PLATFORM ON SUSTAINABLE FINANCE
• It is a multilateral forum launched in 2019 by public authorities Argentina, Canada, Chile, India, Kenya, Morocco and EU. Representing 45% of global emissions, 40% of global population and 40% of global GDP.
• 7 Observers including UNEP, OECD, EBRD etc.

AIMS
1. Promote best practices in environmentally sustainable finance.
2. Compare different initiatives and identify barriers and opportunities to scale up environmentally sustainable finance.
3. Enhance international coordination on environmentally sustainable finance issues.
4. Scale up mobilisation of private capital towards environmental sustainable finance at global level.
5. Promote integrated markets for environmentally sustainable finance.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international agreement which aims to ensure the safe handling, transport and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.

Megadiversity Countries is a term used to refer to the world’s top biodiversity-rich countries.
To qualify as a Megadiverse Country, a country must:
1. Have at least 5000 of the world’s plants as endemics
2. Have marine ecosystems within its borders
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Eurythermal animals:

▪️Are those who can tolerate a wide range of temperatures.
▪️They are able to function at a wide range of body temperatures. Eurythermal animals show less sensitivity to temperature or they show comparatively low temperature sensitivity.
▪️Examples of eurythermal animals are desert pupfish, green crabs, tiger, man, cat, dog etc.

Stenothermal animals:
▪️Are those who are able to tolerate a narrow range of temperatures. Marine and soil organisms are mostly stenothermal.
▪️They are able to survive at certain temperatures.
▪️And the temperature of the stenothermal animals varies from species to species. Stenothermal animals are main two types namely thermophilic animals and cryophilic animals.

Thermophilic animals:
▪️can live only in higher temperatures. Examples of thermophilic animals include reptiles, insect species, etc.

Cryophilic animals:

▪️can live only at low temperatures. Seals can be considered as example for cryophilic animals.

Euryhaline organisms
▪️Are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. An example of a euryhaline fish is the molly (Poecilia sphenops) which can live in fresh water, brackish water, or salt
water.
▪️The green crab (Carcinus maenas) is an example of a euryhaline invertebrate that can live in salt and brackish water.
▪️Euryhaline organisms are commonly found in habitats such as estuaries and tide pools where the salinity changes regularly.
▪️However, some organisms are euryhaline because their life cycle involves migration between freshwater and marine environments, as is the case with salmon and eels.

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The Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO)

The Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO) is a periodic report that summarises the latest data on the status and trends of global biodiversity. It is the flagship publication of the Convention on Biological Diversity and summarises progress made towards achieving the objectives of the Convention, such as the Aichi Targets and identifies key actions to achieve these.

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Renewable Energy Certificates

Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as green energy certificates or tradable renewable certificates are proof that energy has been generated from renewable sources such as solar or wind power.

Each REC represents the environmental benefits of 1MWh of renewable energy generation

EChO Network

It is national program to provide a template for cross-disciplinary leadership in India with the specific focus of increasing research, knowledge, and awareness of Indian ecology and the environment.

The program is a partnership of Government, industry, and academia. Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Govt. of India leads the program.

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Eco-Development Forces Scheme

It was established in the 1980s as a scheme for ecological restoration of terrains, rendered difficult either due to severe degradation or remote location or difficult law and order situation.

▪️ It is based on twin objectives of ecological regeneration in difficult areas, and the promotion of meaningful employment to ex-servicemen.

▪️ It is being implemented through the Ministry of Defence.

▪️Under this scheme, the establishment and operational expenditure on the EcoTask Force (ETF) Battalions raised by Ministry of Defence are reimbursed by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change while the inputs like a sapling, fencing, etc., and also the professional and managerial guidance is provided by the state forest departments

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Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB)

Government of India has launched the Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) strategy under Holistic Nourishment (POSHAN) Abhiyaan and the targets has been set to reduce anaemia by 3% per year.

The 6x6x6 strategy under AMB implies six age groups, six interventions and six institutional mechanisms.

The strategy focuses on ensuring supply chain, demand generation and strong monitoring using for addressing anemia, both due to nutritional and non-nutritional causes.

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ST. PETERSBURG DECLARATION
For doubling tiger population (India was a party to this declaration) by 2022.

The Sacred Groves comprises of patches of forest or natural vegetation- from a few trees to forests of several acres-that are usually dedicated to local folk deities.

The sacred groves are important repositories of flora and fauna diversity that have conserved by local communities in a sustainable manner.

Classified in 3 categories: Traditional Sacred Groves, Temple Groves and Groves around burial or cremation grounds.

Global Animal Protection Index

Released by World Animal Protection, an international animal welfare charity.

It aims to showcase where countries are doing well, and where they fall short on animal welfare policy and legislation. The index ranks countries from A (being the highest score) to G (being the weakest score) according to their policy and legislation.

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ANTHROPOGENIC MINERAL
• They are mineral that have been made on Earth, of substances formed as a result of
human activities such as mining and mineral processing

Example
- Hydrotalcite are produced when asbestos tailings passively absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide.

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