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The Shola forests of South India derive their name from the Tamil word solai, which means a ‘tropical rainforest’. Classified Forest’ by ‘ Champion and Seth’, the Sholas are found in the upper reaches of the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palni hills, Kalakadu, Mundanthurai and Kanyakumari in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

These forests are found sheltered in valleys with sufficient moisture and proper drainage, at an altitude of more than 1,500 metres.

The vegetation that grows in Shola forests is evergreen

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An Arribada is a unique nesting phenomenon common to both the Olive ridley and the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle. Each year, turtles lay eggs in large numbers at Gahirmatha beach in Odisha after two weeks of the mass-nesting.

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Green GDP
Green GDP is a term used generally for expressing GDP after adjusting for environmental damage.

When information on economy’s use of the natural environment is integrated into the system of national accounts, it becomes green national accounts or environmental accounting.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are maritime countries that tend to share similar sustainable development challenges. These countries are across the globe in the Caribbean, the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and the Mediterranean and South China Sea.
-An estimated 60 million people live in Small Island developing States. The UN has never established any criteria to determine an official list of SIDS" but it maintains a shorter, unofficial list for analytical purposes.
- The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs lists 57 small island developing states. These are broken down into following three geographic regions, with each region having its own regional cooperation body.
1. Caribbean: The Caribbean Community
2. Pacific: The Pacific Islands Forum
3. Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS): The Indian Ocean Commission.

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Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)

Gujarat government has launched what is being described as the world’s first market for trading in Particulate Matter (PM) emissions.

- Launched in Surat, the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is a regulatory tool that is aimed at reducing the pollution load in an area and at the same time minimising the cost of compliance for the industry.

- ETS is a market in which the traded commodity is particulate matter emissions. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) sets a cap on the total emission load from all industries.


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- Various industries can buy and sell the ability to emit particulate matter, by trading permits (in kilograms) under this cap. For this reason, ETS is also called a cap-and-trade market

COP 25 as the ‘Blue COP
Chile has declared COP 25 as the ‘Blue COP,’ and is promoting the conference as an opportunity to raise awareness on the importance of including an ocean component in climate action.

The Platform for Science-Based Ocean Solutions will bring together key methodologies and tools to help incorporate oceans into countries’ NDCs.
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Most important filtered content prepared by Toppers and selected candidates

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World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
-The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.
-Headquarters Madrid, Spain
-The UNWTO World Tourism Barometer monitors short-term tourism trends on a regular basis to provide global tourism stakeholders with up-to-date analysis on international tourism.
-The World Tourism rankings are compiled by the United Nations World Tourism Organization as part of their World Tourism Barometer publication, which is released three times annually.

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▪️World’s largest platform for air quality data was launched recently, at World Urban Forum (WUF 10)

▪️Launched by UNEP together with UN-Habitat and IQAir (US Company).

▪️It bring together real-time air pollution data for particulate matter (PM2.5) from over 4,000 contributors, including citizens, communities, governments and the private sector to work towards healthier, more sustainable cities.

Greater Adjutant Stork (Hargila)
- It is found in a few isolated pockets in Assam and Bihar in India and PrekToal in Cambodia.
- IUCN status: Endangered
- It is listed under schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
-It is the first biosphere reserve in India established in the year 1986.
- It is included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves under the Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme of UNESCO
- Location: It is located in the Western Ghats and spreads over parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.
- Protected Areas within the Reserve: Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Wyanaad Wildlife Sanctuary Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole National Park, Mukurthi National Park, Silent Valley National Park, and Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary

Solar Risk Mitigation Initiative(SRMI)

The World Bank– Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (WB-ESMAP), in partnership with, Agence Française de Développement (AFD), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and International Solar Alliance (ISA) developed the Solar Risk Mitigation Initiative (SRMI).

This unique approach offers technical assistance to help countries develop evidence-based solar targets, implement a sustainable solar program, and maintain robust procurement processes with transaction advisors.

SRMI aims to support countries in developing sustainable solar programs that will attract private investments and so reduce reliance on public finances.

It has three components to mitigate the risk of solar deployment:

1. Sustainable Solar Targets
2. Transparent Procurement
3. Viable Risk Mitigation Coverage

-Income Approach: Human development is seen as being linked to income. The idea is that the level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual enjoys. Higher the level of income, the higher is the level of human development.

-Welfare Approach: This approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities. The approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social secondary amenities. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients

- Basic needs Approach: This approach was initially proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Six basic needs i.e. health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing were identified. The question of human choices is ignored and the emphasis is on the provision of basic needs of defined sections.

- Capability Approach: This approach is associated with Prof. Amartya Sen.
Building human capabilities in the areas of health, education and access to resources is the key to increasing human development

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