International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) has released a report titled ‘Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2018

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Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems” (GIAHS) are outstanding landscapes of aesthetic beauty that combine agricultural biodiversity, resilient ecosystems and a valuable cultural heritage.

Located in specific sites around the world, they sustainably provide multiple goods and services, food and livelihood security for millions of small-scale farmers.

It is accorded by FAO

SITES
Saffron Heritage of Kashmir, India, 2011

Koraput Traditional Agriculture, India, 2012

Kuttanad Below Sea Level Farming System, India, 2013

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Main reasons for desertification in India are:
•Water erosion (10.98 per cent).
•Wind erosion (5.55 per cent).
•Human-made/settlements (0.69 per cent).
•Vegetation degradation (8.91 per cent).
•Salinity (1.12 per cent).
•Others (2.07 per cent).

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What is FLR?
•Forest landscape restoration (FLR) is the on-going process of regaining ecological functionality and enhancing human well-being across deforested or degraded forest landscapes.

FLR is more than just planting trees – it is restoring a whole landscape to meet present and future needs.

•It is long-term because it requires a multi-year vision of the ecological functions.

•The majority of restoration opportunities are found on or adjacent to agricultural or pastoral land. In these situations, restoration must complement and not displace existing land uses

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Black softshell turtle
•The black softshell turtle or Bostami turtle is a species of freshwater turtle found in India and Bangladesh.
•It is the close relative of Indian peacock softshell turtle, but it is a distinct species.
•As of 2002, the IUCN classified the species as Extinct in the Wild.
•The turtle is originally native to the lower Brahmaputra River

Adaptation Fund
•Date fund proposed: 2001, Date fund made operational 2009
•It is a financial instrument under the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol (KP).
•IT has been established to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing country Parties to the KP, in an effort to reduce the adverse effects of climate change facing communities, countries and sectors.
•The Fund is financed with a share of proceeds from Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project activities as well as through voluntary pledges of donor governments.
•The World Bank is the Trustee of the Adaptation Fund on an interim basis.

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EESL
● Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) is a joint venture of four National Public Sector Enterprises– NTPC Limited, Power Finance Corporation Ltd (PFC), REC (Regional electrification corporation) and POWERGRID.

-It is set up under the Ministry of Power.

● It is a Super Energy Service Company (ESCO) and leads the market-related activities of the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE), one of the eight national Minister’s National Action Plan on Climate Change

schemes IMPLEMENTED BY EESL?
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The Shola forests of South India derive their name from the Tamil word solai, which means a ‘tropical rainforest’. Classified Forest’ by ‘ Champion and Seth’, the Sholas are found in the upper reaches of the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palni hills, Kalakadu, Mundanthurai and Kanyakumari in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

These forests are found sheltered in valleys with sufficient moisture and proper drainage, at an altitude of more than 1,500 metres.

The vegetation that grows in Shola forests is evergreen

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An Arribada is a unique nesting phenomenon common to both the Olive ridley and the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle. Each year, turtles lay eggs in large numbers at Gahirmatha beach in Odisha after two weeks of the mass-nesting.

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Green GDP
Green GDP is a term used generally for expressing GDP after adjusting for environmental damage.

When information on economy’s use of the natural environment is integrated into the system of national accounts, it becomes green national accounts or environmental accounting.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are maritime countries that tend to share similar sustainable development challenges. These countries are across the globe in the Caribbean, the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and the Mediterranean and South China Sea.
-An estimated 60 million people live in Small Island developing States. The UN has never established any criteria to determine an official list of SIDS" but it maintains a shorter, unofficial list for analytical purposes.
- The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs lists 57 small island developing states. These are broken down into following three geographic regions, with each region having its own regional cooperation body.
1. Caribbean: The Caribbean Community
2. Pacific: The Pacific Islands Forum
3. Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS): The Indian Ocean Commission.

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Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)

Gujarat government has launched what is being described as the world’s first market for trading in Particulate Matter (PM) emissions.

- Launched in Surat, the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is a regulatory tool that is aimed at reducing the pollution load in an area and at the same time minimising the cost of compliance for the industry.

- ETS is a market in which the traded commodity is particulate matter emissions. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) sets a cap on the total emission load from all industries.


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- Various industries can buy and sell the ability to emit particulate matter, by trading permits (in kilograms) under this cap. For this reason, ETS is also called a cap-and-trade market

COP 25 as the ‘Blue COP
Chile has declared COP 25 as the ‘Blue COP,’ and is promoting the conference as an opportunity to raise awareness on the importance of including an ocean component in climate action.

The Platform for Science-Based Ocean Solutions will bring together key methodologies and tools to help incorporate oceans into countries’ NDCs.
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