What is red mud?
- Bauxite tailings, also known as bauxite residue, red mud, red sludge is a highly alkaline waste product composed mainly of iron oxide that is generated in the industrial Production of alumina.
- It consists of impurities such as caustic soda and other minerals.
- It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxides.

Uses of Red mud
- Used in Cement manufacturing
- Raw material recovery of specific components present in the tailings/residue: iron, titanium, steel and REE (rare-earth element) production

What is plastic rust?
- Plastic Rust is a layer of plastic encrusted onto ocean rocks.
Why in news?
- Plastic rust,' a form of plastic pollution neve before-seen on Earth’s coastlines, was found on shoreline rocks in Madeira, Portugal.
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What is a dead zone?
-Oxygenated “dead zones” occur in waterways wherever algae are overfed by runoff from human activities such as urbanization and
agriculture by a phenomenon called eutrophication.

CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION?

The Keeling Curve
The Keeling Curve is a graph that shows the ongoing change in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere.

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Karakoram Anomaly

In contrast to Himalayan glaciers, on average, glacier areas in the Karakoram region have not change significantly according to the Kathmandu based International Centre for integrated Mountain Development’s (ICIMOD)
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• Good ozone: Found in stratosphere, it protects the Earth's surface from dangerous ultraviolet light.
• Bad Ozone: Found in the troposphere (also known as ground level ozone), it is manmade. The released nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), (NOx, CO, and VOCs are known as ozone precursors) combine
chemically with oxygen to form ozone during sunny days

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Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
- It is also referred to as the Indian Niño, is a condition when the SST of the western region of Indian Ocean alternately becomes abnormally colder and then abnormally hotter than the eastern region.
- The Indian Niño can neutralise or worsen the impact of El Niño/La Niña depending on which phase it is in.
- A ‘positive’ IOD phase, which means higher-than-usual temperatures in the western Indian Ocean, brings more rain to India than the ‘neutral’ or ‘negative’ (cooling) phase.

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International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) has released a report titled ‘Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2018

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Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems” (GIAHS) are outstanding landscapes of aesthetic beauty that combine agricultural biodiversity, resilient ecosystems and a valuable cultural heritage.

Located in specific sites around the world, they sustainably provide multiple goods and services, food and livelihood security for millions of small-scale farmers.

It is accorded by FAO

SITES
Saffron Heritage of Kashmir, India, 2011

Koraput Traditional Agriculture, India, 2012

Kuttanad Below Sea Level Farming System, India, 2013

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Main reasons for desertification in India are:
•Water erosion (10.98 per cent).
•Wind erosion (5.55 per cent).
•Human-made/settlements (0.69 per cent).
•Vegetation degradation (8.91 per cent).
•Salinity (1.12 per cent).
•Others (2.07 per cent).

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What is FLR?
•Forest landscape restoration (FLR) is the on-going process of regaining ecological functionality and enhancing human well-being across deforested or degraded forest landscapes.

FLR is more than just planting trees – it is restoring a whole landscape to meet present and future needs.

•It is long-term because it requires a multi-year vision of the ecological functions.

•The majority of restoration opportunities are found on or adjacent to agricultural or pastoral land. In these situations, restoration must complement and not displace existing land uses

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Black softshell turtle
•The black softshell turtle or Bostami turtle is a species of freshwater turtle found in India and Bangladesh.
•It is the close relative of Indian peacock softshell turtle, but it is a distinct species.
•As of 2002, the IUCN classified the species as Extinct in the Wild.
•The turtle is originally native to the lower Brahmaputra River

Adaptation Fund
•Date fund proposed: 2001, Date fund made operational 2009
•It is a financial instrument under the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol (KP).
•IT has been established to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing country Parties to the KP, in an effort to reduce the adverse effects of climate change facing communities, countries and sectors.
•The Fund is financed with a share of proceeds from Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project activities as well as through voluntary pledges of donor governments.
•The World Bank is the Trustee of the Adaptation Fund on an interim basis.

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