👉Great Today Tip 👆👆👆
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➡ለዛሬ የተለያዩ ጠቃሚ ምስሎች እንካቹ ብሎናል
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🅾አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ።
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➡ለዛሬ የተለያዩ ጠቃሚ ምስሎች እንካቹ ብሎናል
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🅾አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ።
Types of flat slab .... the load is transferred directly from slab to column
@engineer03
@engineer03
🏗 ጥንታዊ ወይንም ባህላዊ የ ግንባታ እቃዎች እነማን ናቸው..
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🔰 Traditional Materials 🔰
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1.stone
2.bricks
3.cement
4.lime
5.timber
እነዚህ ከላይ የተጠቀሱት አንግዲህ ለግንባታ ስራ የምንጠቀማቸው ግብአቶች ናቸዉ...
👁🗨እንግዲህ ጥሩ እንጂነር ነኝ የሚል ካለ እንደዚሁም መሆን የሚፈልግ ካለ ስለ ግብአቶቹ በቂ እውቀት ሊኖረው ይገባል።
በዚህ chapter ስለ ግብአቶቹ የሚከተለውን እንመለከታለን
1.Type(አይነት )
2. properties(ባህሪያት )
3.Testes( ፍተሻዎች)
4.uses(ጥቅም )
1. STONES
🔵is a ‘naturally available building material’ which has been used from the early age of civilization.
🔵It is available in the form of rocks, which is cut to required size and shape and used as building block.
🔵It has been used to construct small residential buildings to large palaces and temples all over the world.
1.1 Type of Stones
🔉Stones used for civil engineering works may be classified in the following three ways:
• Geological
• Physical
• Chemical
⬛️Geological Classification⬛️
🔵Based on their origin of formation stones are classified into three main groups—Igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks.
(i) Igneous Rocks:
🔷 These rocks are formed by cooling and solidifying of the rock masses from their molten magmatic condition of the material of the earth. ◆Generally igneous rocks are strong and durable.
🔷 Granite, trap and basalt are the rocks belonging to this category, Granites are formed by slow cooling of the lava under thick cover on the top. Hence they have crystalline surface.
🔷The cooling of lava at the top surface of earth results into non-crystalline and glassy texture.
🔷Trap and basalt belong to this category
(ii) Sedimentary Rocks:
🔷Due to weathering action of water, wind and frost existing rocks disintegrates.
🔷The disintegrated material is carried by wind and water; the water being most powerful
medium.
🔷Flowing water deposits its suspended materials at some points of obstacles to its flow.
🔷These deposited layers of materials get consolidated under pressure and by heat. Chemical agents also contribute to the cementing of the deposits.
🔷The rocks thus formed are more uniform, fine grained and compact intheir nature.
🔷They represent a bedded or stratified structure in general. 🔷Sand stones, lime stones, mud
stones etc. belong to this class of rock.
.
(iii) Metamorphic Rocks: 🔷Previously formed igneous and sedimentary rocks under go changes due to metamorphic action of pressure and internal heat.
🔷 For example due to metamorphic action granite
becomes greisses, trap and basalt change to schist and laterite, lime stone changes to marble, sand stone becomes quartzite and mud stone becomes slate.
Physical Classification
🔷Based on the structure, the rocks may be classified as:
• Stratified rocks
• Unstratified rocks
(i) Stratified Rocks: These rocks are having layered structure. They possess planes of stratification or cleavage.
🔷They can be easily split along these planes. Sand stones, lime stones, slate etc.
are the examples of this class of stones.
(ii) Unstratified Rocks: These rocks are not stratified.
🔷They possess crystalline and compactgrains.
They cannot be split in to thin slab. Granite, trap, marble etc. are the examples of this type of
rocks.
(iii) Foliated Rocks: These rocks have a tendency to split along a definite direction only.
🔷The direction need not be parallel to each other as in case of stratified rocks. This type of structure is very common in case of metamorphic rocks.
Chemical Classification
On the basis of their chemical composition engineers prefer to classify rocks as:
• Silicious rocks
• Argillaceous rocks and
• Calcareous rocks
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🔰 Traditional Materials 🔰
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1.stone
2.bricks
3.cement
4.lime
5.timber
እነዚህ ከላይ የተጠቀሱት አንግዲህ ለግንባታ ስራ የምንጠቀማቸው ግብአቶች ናቸዉ...
👁🗨እንግዲህ ጥሩ እንጂነር ነኝ የሚል ካለ እንደዚሁም መሆን የሚፈልግ ካለ ስለ ግብአቶቹ በቂ እውቀት ሊኖረው ይገባል።
በዚህ chapter ስለ ግብአቶቹ የሚከተለውን እንመለከታለን
1.Type(አይነት )
2. properties(ባህሪያት )
3.Testes( ፍተሻዎች)
4.uses(ጥቅም )
1. STONES
🔵is a ‘naturally available building material’ which has been used from the early age of civilization.
🔵It is available in the form of rocks, which is cut to required size and shape and used as building block.
🔵It has been used to construct small residential buildings to large palaces and temples all over the world.
1.1 Type of Stones
🔉Stones used for civil engineering works may be classified in the following three ways:
• Geological
• Physical
• Chemical
⬛️Geological Classification⬛️
🔵Based on their origin of formation stones are classified into three main groups—Igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks.
(i) Igneous Rocks:
🔷 These rocks are formed by cooling and solidifying of the rock masses from their molten magmatic condition of the material of the earth. ◆Generally igneous rocks are strong and durable.
🔷 Granite, trap and basalt are the rocks belonging to this category, Granites are formed by slow cooling of the lava under thick cover on the top. Hence they have crystalline surface.
🔷The cooling of lava at the top surface of earth results into non-crystalline and glassy texture.
🔷Trap and basalt belong to this category
(ii) Sedimentary Rocks:
🔷Due to weathering action of water, wind and frost existing rocks disintegrates.
🔷The disintegrated material is carried by wind and water; the water being most powerful
medium.
🔷Flowing water deposits its suspended materials at some points of obstacles to its flow.
🔷These deposited layers of materials get consolidated under pressure and by heat. Chemical agents also contribute to the cementing of the deposits.
🔷The rocks thus formed are more uniform, fine grained and compact intheir nature.
🔷They represent a bedded or stratified structure in general. 🔷Sand stones, lime stones, mud
stones etc. belong to this class of rock.
.
(iii) Metamorphic Rocks: 🔷Previously formed igneous and sedimentary rocks under go changes due to metamorphic action of pressure and internal heat.
🔷 For example due to metamorphic action granite
becomes greisses, trap and basalt change to schist and laterite, lime stone changes to marble, sand stone becomes quartzite and mud stone becomes slate.
Physical Classification
🔷Based on the structure, the rocks may be classified as:
• Stratified rocks
• Unstratified rocks
(i) Stratified Rocks: These rocks are having layered structure. They possess planes of stratification or cleavage.
🔷They can be easily split along these planes. Sand stones, lime stones, slate etc.
are the examples of this class of stones.
(ii) Unstratified Rocks: These rocks are not stratified.
🔷They possess crystalline and compactgrains.
They cannot be split in to thin slab. Granite, trap, marble etc. are the examples of this type of
rocks.
(iii) Foliated Rocks: These rocks have a tendency to split along a definite direction only.
🔷The direction need not be parallel to each other as in case of stratified rocks. This type of structure is very common in case of metamorphic rocks.
Chemical Classification
On the basis of their chemical composition engineers prefer to classify rocks as:
• Silicious rocks
• Argillaceous rocks and
• Calcareous rocks
❇️የውሃ ጋኖች (water supply Reservoir)
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የውሃ ጋኖች ከጥቅማቸው አንፃር ለ ሶስት ይከፈላሉ
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1-Collector reservoir
2-Service reservoir
3-Supply reservoir
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እያንዳንዱ ጥቅማቸው ምንድነው……
✅1 [Collector reservoir ]
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ይህ የጋን አይነት ዋና ስራው ውሃው ከሚመነጭበት (የገጸ ምድር ወይም የከርሰ ምድር ውሃ) ቦታ ህክምና ከተደረገለት በኋላ የሚቀመጥበት ጋን ነው፡፡ ጥቅሙ የተሰበሰበውን ውሃ ወደተለያዩ ጋኖች እስኪሰራጭ በጊዜያዊነት እንዲቀመጥና ውሃው ለጋኖቹ እንዲደርስ የሚያደርገውን ጉልበት እንዲያገኝ ይረዳዋል፡፡ ብዙን ጊዜ ውሃው ከሚመነጭበት ቦታ አቅራቢያ ይተከላል፡፡ ውሃ ፈሳሽ እንደመሆኑ ብዙን ግዜ ሚፈልቀው ከፍታቸው ካነሱ ቦታዎች ስለሆነ ከሌሎች ጋኖች ይልቅ የዚህ ጋን ከፍታ (elevation) ያንሳል፡፡
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✅2 [Service reservoir]
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ይህ የጋን አይነት በቋሚነት ከcollecter reservoir የተቀበለውን ውሃ የሚያርፍበት ነው፡፡ አሰራሩም ከሌሎቹ ጋኖች ለየት ይላል ፡፡ ውሃው የሚያደርስበትን ግፊት ለመቋቋም የሚያስቸለውን መካች ጉልበት(reaction force) በበቂ ሁኔታ እንዲኖረው ይደረጋል፡፡ በቁመትም በመጠንም ትልቅ ነው፡፡ ወጪ ለመቀነስ ከፍ ካለ ቦታ ይተከላል (ውሃ በ3 አይነት መንገድ ይከፋፈላል
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1-የሞተር ሀይልን በመጠቀም
2-የመሬት የመሳብ ሃይልን (gravity force) በመጠቀም።
3-የሞተር ሃይልንና የመሬት የስበት ሃይልን በማጣመር በመጠቀም እንዲሰራጭ ይደረጋል፡፡
፡
በአሁን ጊዜ ሶስተኛው አማራጭ በስፋታ አገልግሎት ላይ ይውላል ይህ አማራጭ ከወጪም አንፃር በጣም ተመራጭ ነው ለዚህ ዘዴ ተመራጩ ደግሞ የservice reservoir ከፍ ካለ ቦታላይ መተከል ወሳኝነት አለው፡፡)
ከዚህ ጋን ቀጥታ ለስርጭት ቧንቧ አይገጠምም ምክንያቱም ከጋኑ የሚወጣው ውሃ ከፍተኛ ጉልበት ስላለው የማሰራጫ ቱቦዎችን ሊያፈነዳ ይችላል፡፡ ይህን ችግር ለመፍታት ቀጣዩን የጋን አይነት መገንባት አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡
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✅3.[Supply reservoir]
፡
የዚህ ጋን ዋና ጥቅም ውሃውን ለስርጭት ወደ ስርጭት ቱቦዎች እንዲገባ ማድረግ ነው፡፡ ከላይ እንደጠቀስኩት ከሰርቪስ ጋን ቀጥታ ወደ ስርጭት ቧንቧ ውሃ አይገባም ምክንያቱም ከፍተኛ ሀይል ስላለው የቧንቧዎቹን የመቆየት አቅም ያሳጥራል ብሎም እስከ ማፈንዳት ያደርሳል፡፡ ይህ እንዳይከሰት የሳፕላይ ጋኖች ይገነባሉ፡፡ ይህ ጋን በቱቦዎቹ የሚያልፈውን ውሃ ግፊት በመቀነስና ፈጥነቱን (velocity) ከ 0.5-2 m/s በማድረግ እና ወደ ቱቦዎቹ የሚገባን ሃይል በመቀነስ (Energy dissipate ) ቱቦዎቹ ላይ የሚደርሰውን ጉዳት ያስወግዳል፡፡ ይህ ጋን ከፍ ባለ ቦታ ይተከላል ነገር ግን ከፍታው ከService reservoir ያነሰ ነው። እናመሰግናለን።
፡
▶️SHARE SHARE SHARE
@engineer03
@engineer03
@engineer03
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የውሃ ጋኖች ከጥቅማቸው አንፃር ለ ሶስት ይከፈላሉ
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1-Collector reservoir
2-Service reservoir
3-Supply reservoir
.
እያንዳንዱ ጥቅማቸው ምንድነው……
✅1 [Collector reservoir ]
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ይህ የጋን አይነት ዋና ስራው ውሃው ከሚመነጭበት (የገጸ ምድር ወይም የከርሰ ምድር ውሃ) ቦታ ህክምና ከተደረገለት በኋላ የሚቀመጥበት ጋን ነው፡፡ ጥቅሙ የተሰበሰበውን ውሃ ወደተለያዩ ጋኖች እስኪሰራጭ በጊዜያዊነት እንዲቀመጥና ውሃው ለጋኖቹ እንዲደርስ የሚያደርገውን ጉልበት እንዲያገኝ ይረዳዋል፡፡ ብዙን ጊዜ ውሃው ከሚመነጭበት ቦታ አቅራቢያ ይተከላል፡፡ ውሃ ፈሳሽ እንደመሆኑ ብዙን ግዜ ሚፈልቀው ከፍታቸው ካነሱ ቦታዎች ስለሆነ ከሌሎች ጋኖች ይልቅ የዚህ ጋን ከፍታ (elevation) ያንሳል፡፡
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✅2 [Service reservoir]
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ይህ የጋን አይነት በቋሚነት ከcollecter reservoir የተቀበለውን ውሃ የሚያርፍበት ነው፡፡ አሰራሩም ከሌሎቹ ጋኖች ለየት ይላል ፡፡ ውሃው የሚያደርስበትን ግፊት ለመቋቋም የሚያስቸለውን መካች ጉልበት(reaction force) በበቂ ሁኔታ እንዲኖረው ይደረጋል፡፡ በቁመትም በመጠንም ትልቅ ነው፡፡ ወጪ ለመቀነስ ከፍ ካለ ቦታ ይተከላል (ውሃ በ3 አይነት መንገድ ይከፋፈላል
.
1-የሞተር ሀይልን በመጠቀም
2-የመሬት የመሳብ ሃይልን (gravity force) በመጠቀም።
3-የሞተር ሃይልንና የመሬት የስበት ሃይልን በማጣመር በመጠቀም እንዲሰራጭ ይደረጋል፡፡
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በአሁን ጊዜ ሶስተኛው አማራጭ በስፋታ አገልግሎት ላይ ይውላል ይህ አማራጭ ከወጪም አንፃር በጣም ተመራጭ ነው ለዚህ ዘዴ ተመራጩ ደግሞ የservice reservoir ከፍ ካለ ቦታላይ መተከል ወሳኝነት አለው፡፡)
ከዚህ ጋን ቀጥታ ለስርጭት ቧንቧ አይገጠምም ምክንያቱም ከጋኑ የሚወጣው ውሃ ከፍተኛ ጉልበት ስላለው የማሰራጫ ቱቦዎችን ሊያፈነዳ ይችላል፡፡ ይህን ችግር ለመፍታት ቀጣዩን የጋን አይነት መገንባት አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡
.
✅3.[Supply reservoir]
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የዚህ ጋን ዋና ጥቅም ውሃውን ለስርጭት ወደ ስርጭት ቱቦዎች እንዲገባ ማድረግ ነው፡፡ ከላይ እንደጠቀስኩት ከሰርቪስ ጋን ቀጥታ ወደ ስርጭት ቧንቧ ውሃ አይገባም ምክንያቱም ከፍተኛ ሀይል ስላለው የቧንቧዎቹን የመቆየት አቅም ያሳጥራል ብሎም እስከ ማፈንዳት ያደርሳል፡፡ ይህ እንዳይከሰት የሳፕላይ ጋኖች ይገነባሉ፡፡ ይህ ጋን በቱቦዎቹ የሚያልፈውን ውሃ ግፊት በመቀነስና ፈጥነቱን (velocity) ከ 0.5-2 m/s በማድረግ እና ወደ ቱቦዎቹ የሚገባን ሃይል በመቀነስ (Energy dissipate ) ቱቦዎቹ ላይ የሚደርሰውን ጉዳት ያስወግዳል፡፡ ይህ ጋን ከፍ ባለ ቦታ ይተከላል ነገር ግን ከፍታው ከService reservoir ያነሰ ነው። እናመሰግናለን።
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