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👉SLUMP TEST OF CONCRETE @engineersWorks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
▶The concrete slump test is an empirical test that
measures the workability of fresh concrete. The test
is performed to check the consistency of freshly
mixed concrete in a specific batch. *Consistency refers to the ease and homogeneity with which the concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. *This test is most widely used due to the simplicity of apparatus and simple test procedure.
*The slump test gives satisfactory results for the
concrete mix of medium to high workability and
unfortunately, it does not give the correct indication
of low workability, which may give zero slumps.
This test is also known as slump cone test.
▶APPARATUS FOR CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:
1. Mould or slump cone with a height of 300 mm,
bottom diameter 200 mm, and top diameter 100
mm.
2. Standard tamping rod.
3. Non-porous base plate.
4. Measuring scale.
▶PROCEDURE OF TEST:
1. First, clean the inner surface of the empty mould and then apply oil to it.
2. Set the mould on a horizontal non-porous and
non-absorbent base plate.
3. Fill the mould fully by pouring freshly mixed
concrete in three equal layers.
4. Stroke each layer 25 times with the standard
tamping rod over the cross section.
5. After stroking 25 times the top layer is struck off
level, now lift the mould slowly in the vertical
direction without disturbing the concrete cone.
6. Use the measuring scale to measure the difference level between the height of the mould and the concrete sample.
*The subsidence of concrete is known as the slump and the value of slump is measured in mm.
▶TYPES OF SLUMP:
*True Slump: The concrete mass after the test when
slumps evenly all around without disintegration is
called the true slump.
*Shear Slump: When one-half of the concrete mass
slide down the other is called the shear slump. This type of slump is obtained in a lean concrete mix.
*Collapse Slump: When the sample is collapsed due to adding excessive water, it is known as collapse slump.
*Zero Slump: For very stiff or dry mixes it does not
show any changes of the slump after removing the
slump cone.
▶ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:
1. The procedure of slump test is simple and easy
than any other workability test.
2. Inexpensive and portable apparatus are required
for this test.
3. Slump test can be performed at the construction site as well as in the laboratory.
▶LIMITATIONS OF CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:
1. The slump test is limited to concretes with the
maximum size of aggregate less than 38 mm.
2. The test is suitable only for concretes of medium
or high workabilities (i.e having slump values of 25
mm to 125 mm).
3. For very stiff mixes having zero slumps, the
slump test does not show any difference in concretes of different workabilities.
*Recommended Values Of Slumps For Different
Concrete Mixes:
▶Types Of Concrete Slump Range In mm
1. Heavy mass construction 25-50
2. Pavements 20-30
3. Bridge deck 25-75
4. Beams and slabs 50-100
5. Columns, retaining
walls and thin vertical members etc. 75-150
6. Vibrated concrete 12-25
.
🚩ሼር በማርግ ለሁሉም እናዳርስ።
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
▶The concrete slump test is an empirical test that
measures the workability of fresh concrete. The test
is performed to check the consistency of freshly
mixed concrete in a specific batch. *Consistency refers to the ease and homogeneity with which the concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. *This test is most widely used due to the simplicity of apparatus and simple test procedure.
*The slump test gives satisfactory results for the
concrete mix of medium to high workability and
unfortunately, it does not give the correct indication
of low workability, which may give zero slumps.
This test is also known as slump cone test.
▶APPARATUS FOR CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:
1. Mould or slump cone with a height of 300 mm,
bottom diameter 200 mm, and top diameter 100
mm.
2. Standard tamping rod.
3. Non-porous base plate.
4. Measuring scale.
▶PROCEDURE OF TEST:
1. First, clean the inner surface of the empty mould and then apply oil to it.
2. Set the mould on a horizontal non-porous and
non-absorbent base plate.
3. Fill the mould fully by pouring freshly mixed
concrete in three equal layers.
4. Stroke each layer 25 times with the standard
tamping rod over the cross section.
5. After stroking 25 times the top layer is struck off
level, now lift the mould slowly in the vertical
direction without disturbing the concrete cone.
6. Use the measuring scale to measure the difference level between the height of the mould and the concrete sample.
*The subsidence of concrete is known as the slump and the value of slump is measured in mm.
▶TYPES OF SLUMP:
*True Slump: The concrete mass after the test when
slumps evenly all around without disintegration is
called the true slump.
*Shear Slump: When one-half of the concrete mass
slide down the other is called the shear slump. This type of slump is obtained in a lean concrete mix.
*Collapse Slump: When the sample is collapsed due to adding excessive water, it is known as collapse slump.
*Zero Slump: For very stiff or dry mixes it does not
show any changes of the slump after removing the
slump cone.
▶ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:
1. The procedure of slump test is simple and easy
than any other workability test.
2. Inexpensive and portable apparatus are required
for this test.
3. Slump test can be performed at the construction site as well as in the laboratory.
▶LIMITATIONS OF CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:
1. The slump test is limited to concretes with the
maximum size of aggregate less than 38 mm.
2. The test is suitable only for concretes of medium
or high workabilities (i.e having slump values of 25
mm to 125 mm).
3. For very stiff mixes having zero slumps, the
slump test does not show any difference in concretes of different workabilities.
*Recommended Values Of Slumps For Different
Concrete Mixes:
▶Types Of Concrete Slump Range In mm
1. Heavy mass construction 25-50
2. Pavements 20-30
3. Bridge deck 25-75
4. Beams and slabs 50-100
5. Columns, retaining
walls and thin vertical members etc. 75-150
6. Vibrated concrete 12-25
.
🚩ሼር በማርግ ለሁሉም እናዳርስ።
👉TYPES OF STAIRS: @engineer03
.
▶Depending upon the various arrangement of steps, stairs can be classified under following categories:
1. STRAIGHT STAIR:
In this stair, all the steps are arranged continuously
along in one direction. One flight may be split into
one or more than one flight by interposing a
landing. This stair can be used where narrow and
long space is available for a staircase such as
entrance, porch etc.
2. DOGGED-LEGGED STAIR:
This stair consists of two straight flights of steps
with direct turns between them. This stair is very
useful where the total width of the stair is just twice
the width of the steps.
3. OPEN NEWEL STAIR:
This type of stair consists of two or more flights
arranging a well or opening between the backward
and forward flights. When all the steps are difficult
to arrange in two flights, a short third flight of 3 to
6 steps may be provided along the direction
perpendicular to the hall. Open newel stair is mostly
adopted in the lift.
4. GEOMETRICAL STAIR:
This is another type of open newel stair where the
open well between the forward and the backward
flight is curved. This stair may contain different
geometrical shape. Here the change in direction is
achieved by using winders.
5. CIRCULAR STAIR:
In this type of stair, all the steps radiate from a
newel or well hole, in the form of winders. The
circular stair is adopted at the back side of a
building to access its various floors.
6. SPIRAL STAIR:
Spiral stair is very similar to a circular stair. It
consists of individual steps or treads, connecting to
a centre column. The overall diameter of the stair
may range from 1 to 2.5 m.
7. QUARTER-TURN STAIR:
The quarter-turn stair can be defined as the stairs
that are turned at 90 degrees with the help of level
landing.
8. BIFURCATED STAIR:
This type of stair is provided in modern public
buildings as well as residential buildings. In this
stair, the flight is so arranged that there is a wide
flight at the start which is sub-divided into narrow
flights at the mid-landing. The narrow flights start
from either side of the mid landing.
.
🚩Go for Conversation
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@engineersWorks
.
▶Depending upon the various arrangement of steps, stairs can be classified under following categories:
1. STRAIGHT STAIR:
In this stair, all the steps are arranged continuously
along in one direction. One flight may be split into
one or more than one flight by interposing a
landing. This stair can be used where narrow and
long space is available for a staircase such as
entrance, porch etc.
2. DOGGED-LEGGED STAIR:
This stair consists of two straight flights of steps
with direct turns between them. This stair is very
useful where the total width of the stair is just twice
the width of the steps.
3. OPEN NEWEL STAIR:
This type of stair consists of two or more flights
arranging a well or opening between the backward
and forward flights. When all the steps are difficult
to arrange in two flights, a short third flight of 3 to
6 steps may be provided along the direction
perpendicular to the hall. Open newel stair is mostly
adopted in the lift.
4. GEOMETRICAL STAIR:
This is another type of open newel stair where the
open well between the forward and the backward
flight is curved. This stair may contain different
geometrical shape. Here the change in direction is
achieved by using winders.
5. CIRCULAR STAIR:
In this type of stair, all the steps radiate from a
newel or well hole, in the form of winders. The
circular stair is adopted at the back side of a
building to access its various floors.
6. SPIRAL STAIR:
Spiral stair is very similar to a circular stair. It
consists of individual steps or treads, connecting to
a centre column. The overall diameter of the stair
may range from 1 to 2.5 m.
7. QUARTER-TURN STAIR:
The quarter-turn stair can be defined as the stairs
that are turned at 90 degrees with the help of level
landing.
8. BIFURCATED STAIR:
This type of stair is provided in modern public
buildings as well as residential buildings. In this
stair, the flight is so arranged that there is a wide
flight at the start which is sub-divided into narrow
flights at the mid-landing. The narrow flights start
from either side of the mid landing.
.
🚩Go for Conversation
👇👇👇👇👇
@engineersWorks
👉TOP 8 TYPES OF ESTIMATE IN CONSTRUCTION WORKS @engineersWorks
.
▶Various types of estimates as prepared
are of following types:-
1. Approximate or Preliminary Estimate
The estimate is prepared to know the approximate cost of the work and to take the administrative approval by the competent authority of the department for which the work is to be executed this
estimate is also called as *ROUGH COST ESTIMATE. The cost of building, cost of land, cost of roads etc. are shown separately in this estimate.
The necessity and urgency of the estimate and rates
arrived at for knowing the cost are fully explained in this estimate.
The specifications to be adopted are also fully explained. The rates provided in the estimate and for unit basis i.e., per sq.m for buildings, per km length of road or canal and per running meter of span for culverts and bridges.
2. Plinth Area Estimate
The estimate prepared on the plinth area basis of the building by using suitable
plinth area rates is called the plinth area estimate. The area of the building at the plinth level, by taking the external dimensions is worked out and is multiplied by suitable rate per sq m. The cost thus arrived at is the cost of
building based on plinth area. The plinth area rates for different types of buildings are different i.e., the rates for residential
buildings are less than the rates for the hospital buildings etc. Plinth area
estimate is also a rough cost estimate.
3. Cubical Content Estimate This estimate is also an approximate and
is prepared on the basis of cubical contents of the building. The cost of the
building is calculated by multiplying the plinth area by the height of building and cubical content rate i.e., plinth area multiplied by; height multiplied by;
cubical content rate. The plinth area is calculated as staved above and the
height is taken from the top of flat roof (or halfway of the sloped roof) to the top of concrete in foundation. The cubical
content rate is deduced from the cost of similar building in the locality. The
parapet is not taken in the calculations.
*This estimate is more accurate than the
plinth area estimate.
4. Detailed Estimate
After obtaining the administrative
approval of the concerned department against the rough cost estimate.
As this estimate is based on the plans and sections of the building so
it is the most accurate estimate. The quantities of items under various sub
heads of work are calculated from the drawings and cost of each item is worked out separately according to the prevalent market rates and is totaled. After doing the total of all items
a percentage of 3 to 5 is added for unforeseen items, change of design and provision of petty-establishment. Grand
total so obtained gives the estimated cost of building. This estimate is then
submitted to the competent authority for
according technical sanction.
The detailed estimate is accompanied by report,
design and scope, detailed drawings, detailed specifications, justification of the rates provided and the limit for execution
of the work. The work us executed according to the detailed estimate.
5. Revised Estimate
When the cost of the estimate exceeds
or likely to increase by 10% or more, a revised estimate is required to be
prepared.
It is accompanied by the
comparative statement showing the variations of each item of work and
giving the reasons of excess.
6. Supplementary Estimate
When some addition to the original work is made a fresh detailed estimate for the additional work is prepared to supplement the original estimate
7. Annual Repair of Annual Maintenance Estimate This estimate is prepared to carry out annual repairs or maintenance.
8. Extension and Improvement Estimate
When some changes and extensions are required to be made in the old work, the cost of which cannot be met by the annual repair/maintenance estimate, a detailed estimate is prepared for such work which is called as Extension and Improvement estimate.
.
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@engineer03
@engineer03
@engineer03
@engineer03
@engineer03
.
▶Various types of estimates as prepared
are of following types:-
1. Approximate or Preliminary Estimate
The estimate is prepared to know the approximate cost of the work and to take the administrative approval by the competent authority of the department for which the work is to be executed this
estimate is also called as *ROUGH COST ESTIMATE. The cost of building, cost of land, cost of roads etc. are shown separately in this estimate.
The necessity and urgency of the estimate and rates
arrived at for knowing the cost are fully explained in this estimate.
The specifications to be adopted are also fully explained. The rates provided in the estimate and for unit basis i.e., per sq.m for buildings, per km length of road or canal and per running meter of span for culverts and bridges.
2. Plinth Area Estimate
The estimate prepared on the plinth area basis of the building by using suitable
plinth area rates is called the plinth area estimate. The area of the building at the plinth level, by taking the external dimensions is worked out and is multiplied by suitable rate per sq m. The cost thus arrived at is the cost of
building based on plinth area. The plinth area rates for different types of buildings are different i.e., the rates for residential
buildings are less than the rates for the hospital buildings etc. Plinth area
estimate is also a rough cost estimate.
3. Cubical Content Estimate This estimate is also an approximate and
is prepared on the basis of cubical contents of the building. The cost of the
building is calculated by multiplying the plinth area by the height of building and cubical content rate i.e., plinth area multiplied by; height multiplied by;
cubical content rate. The plinth area is calculated as staved above and the
height is taken from the top of flat roof (or halfway of the sloped roof) to the top of concrete in foundation. The cubical
content rate is deduced from the cost of similar building in the locality. The
parapet is not taken in the calculations.
*This estimate is more accurate than the
plinth area estimate.
4. Detailed Estimate
After obtaining the administrative
approval of the concerned department against the rough cost estimate.
As this estimate is based on the plans and sections of the building so
it is the most accurate estimate. The quantities of items under various sub
heads of work are calculated from the drawings and cost of each item is worked out separately according to the prevalent market rates and is totaled. After doing the total of all items
a percentage of 3 to 5 is added for unforeseen items, change of design and provision of petty-establishment. Grand
total so obtained gives the estimated cost of building. This estimate is then
submitted to the competent authority for
according technical sanction.
The detailed estimate is accompanied by report,
design and scope, detailed drawings, detailed specifications, justification of the rates provided and the limit for execution
of the work. The work us executed according to the detailed estimate.
5. Revised Estimate
When the cost of the estimate exceeds
or likely to increase by 10% or more, a revised estimate is required to be
prepared.
It is accompanied by the
comparative statement showing the variations of each item of work and
giving the reasons of excess.
6. Supplementary Estimate
When some addition to the original work is made a fresh detailed estimate for the additional work is prepared to supplement the original estimate
7. Annual Repair of Annual Maintenance Estimate This estimate is prepared to carry out annual repairs or maintenance.
8. Extension and Improvement Estimate
When some changes and extensions are required to be made in the old work, the cost of which cannot be met by the annual repair/maintenance estimate, a detailed estimate is prepared for such work which is called as Extension and Improvement estimate.
.
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👉PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE @engineersaworks
.
▶The following are the properties of concrete in its hardened state, used by the designer during design process of reinforced concrete structure.
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The characteristics strength is defined as the strength of concrete below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall. As per IS: 456 concrete mix always designed for the target strength computed as,*Target strength: Characteristics strength + (1.65 x standard deviation) C-20 is the minimum grade of concrete for use in RCC work.
2. TENSILE STRENGTH
✔️Flexural strength is one measure of the Tensile strength of concrete. In concrete structure one set of visible cracks occur under flexure to compute load factor against cracking .
According to IS: 456 the
tensile strength of concrete can be computed from the compressive strength
using empirical relation given by:
Flexural strength: f =0.7√fck N/mm
3. MODULUS ELASTICITY
Modulus of elasticity of concrete which is significantly influenced by the following
factors.
*Type of the aggregates used
*Type of cement and
*Mix proportions
***This property is required for the computations of deflections of strutural
concrete members which forms an important limit state in the design of concrete members. In the absence of test data, the modulus of elasticity of concrete
is normally related to the compressive strength and is computed by the empirical relation recommended by IS: 456-2000 code and is expressed as,
E =5000√fck
Where E is the short term static modulus
of elasticity of concrete expressed in N/
mm
f is the characteristic compressive
strength of concrete expressed in N/mm .
4. SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
The ingredients of concrete and
environmental conditions like temperature and humidity influence the total shrinkage
of concrete. Water content in concrete significantly affects the shrinkage. The IS:
456-2000 recommends the total shrinkage
strain as 0.0003 in the absence of test data. Drying shrinkage in plain concrete may result in surface cracks. Shrinkage of
concrete also influences the deflections of reinforced concrete members.
5. CREEP OF CONCRETE
The inelastic time dependent strain developed in a concrete emeber under sustained loading is refered to as creep of
concrete. Creep of concrete is influenced by following factors.
Cement content,
W/C ratio,
Temperature and humidity,
Size of structural element,
Type of loading and period of loading.
In the absence of reliable experimental data, the creep coefficient is expressed as
the ratio of ultimate creep strain/elastic strain at various ages of loading as recommended by IS: 456-2000 are given below.
Age at Loading Creep Coefficient
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1
Creep of concrete significantly affects the deflections of reinforced concrete flexural
members. Higher creep coefficient results in large deflections. The value of creep
coefficient is useful in the computation of time dependent deflections in reinforced concrete members.
6. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
EXPANSION
The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete, influenced mainly by the type of
aggregate used in concrete is required for the design of structures like chimneys,
water tanks, silos etc.
.
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@engineer03
@engineer03
@engineer03
@engineer03
.
▶The following are the properties of concrete in its hardened state, used by the designer during design process of reinforced concrete structure.
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The characteristics strength is defined as the strength of concrete below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall. As per IS: 456 concrete mix always designed for the target strength computed as,*Target strength: Characteristics strength + (1.65 x standard deviation) C-20 is the minimum grade of concrete for use in RCC work.
2. TENSILE STRENGTH
✔️Flexural strength is one measure of the Tensile strength of concrete. In concrete structure one set of visible cracks occur under flexure to compute load factor against cracking .
According to IS: 456 the
tensile strength of concrete can be computed from the compressive strength
using empirical relation given by:
Flexural strength: f =0.7√fck N/mm
3. MODULUS ELASTICITY
Modulus of elasticity of concrete which is significantly influenced by the following
factors.
*Type of the aggregates used
*Type of cement and
*Mix proportions
***This property is required for the computations of deflections of strutural
concrete members which forms an important limit state in the design of concrete members. In the absence of test data, the modulus of elasticity of concrete
is normally related to the compressive strength and is computed by the empirical relation recommended by IS: 456-2000 code and is expressed as,
E =5000√fck
Where E is the short term static modulus
of elasticity of concrete expressed in N/
mm
f is the characteristic compressive
strength of concrete expressed in N/mm .
4. SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
The ingredients of concrete and
environmental conditions like temperature and humidity influence the total shrinkage
of concrete. Water content in concrete significantly affects the shrinkage. The IS:
456-2000 recommends the total shrinkage
strain as 0.0003 in the absence of test data. Drying shrinkage in plain concrete may result in surface cracks. Shrinkage of
concrete also influences the deflections of reinforced concrete members.
5. CREEP OF CONCRETE
The inelastic time dependent strain developed in a concrete emeber under sustained loading is refered to as creep of
concrete. Creep of concrete is influenced by following factors.
Cement content,
W/C ratio,
Temperature and humidity,
Size of structural element,
Type of loading and period of loading.
In the absence of reliable experimental data, the creep coefficient is expressed as
the ratio of ultimate creep strain/elastic strain at various ages of loading as recommended by IS: 456-2000 are given below.
Age at Loading Creep Coefficient
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1
Creep of concrete significantly affects the deflections of reinforced concrete flexural
members. Higher creep coefficient results in large deflections. The value of creep
coefficient is useful in the computation of time dependent deflections in reinforced concrete members.
6. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
EXPANSION
The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete, influenced mainly by the type of
aggregate used in concrete is required for the design of structures like chimneys,
water tanks, silos etc.
.
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✳️✳️✳️ Important terminologies in masonry work ✳️✳️✳️
1. HEADER:
It is a full brick or stone which is laid with its length perpendicular to the face of the wall.
2. STRETCHER:
It is a full brick or stone in which is laid its length parallel to the face of the wall.
3. BOND:
It is a term applied to the overlapping of bricks or stones in a wall in alternate courses, to bind the whole wall together.
4. COURSE:
A horizontal layer of bricks or stones is termed as course.
5. HEADER COURSE:
It is a course of brickwork entirely composed of headers.
6. STRETCHER COURSE:
It is a course of brickwork in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers.
7. BED:
It is a term used to indicate the lower surface of bricks or stones in each course. It may also be termed as surface of the bricks on which it rests.
8. FACE:
The surface of a wall exposed to weather is termed as face.
9. FACING:
The material used in the face of the wall is known as facing.
10. BACK:
The inner surface of the wall which is not exposed to the weather is termed as back.
11. BACKING:
The material used in forming the back of the wall is known as backing.
12. HEARTING:
The portion of a wall between facing and backing is termed as hearting.
13. JOINT:
The junction of two or more bricks or stones is called joint.
14. RACKING BACK:
The process of stopping the unfinished end of a wall in stepped fashion.
15. BAT:
It is a portion of a brick cut across the width or a brick cut by some fraction of its length.
16. CLOSER:
It is a portion of a brick cut in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut.
17. KING CLOSER:
It is a brick which is cut in such a way that the width of one of its end is half that of a full brick.
18. QUEEN CLOSER:
It is a term applied to a brick which is half as wide as full brick. Queen closer is made by cutting a brick lengthwise into two portions.
19. BEVELLED CLOSER:
It is similar to king closer with the only difference that the whole length of the brick is bevelled for maintaining half width at one end and full width at the other.
20. MITRED CLOSER:
It is a brick whose one end is cut splayed or mitred for the full width.
21. PERPEND:
It is a vertical joint on the face of a wall directly over vertical joints in an alternate course.
22. FROG:
It is a depression on the top face of a brick. Frog provides a recess for the mortar which on setting forms a key and prevents the displacement of the brick above.
23. PLINTH:
The horizontal projecting or flush course of stone or brick provided at the base of the wall above ground level is known as plinth.
24. SILL:
It is a horizontal member of brick, stone, concrete or wood provided to give support for the vertical members of a window.
25. JAMBS:
The vertical sides of a finished opening for door, window or fire place etc. are termed as jambs.
26. REVEALS:
Reveals are the exposed vertical surfaces left on the sides of an opening after the door or window frame has been fitted in position.
27. LINTEL:
A horizontal member of stone, brick, steel or RCC, used to support the masonry or load above an opening.
28. ARCH:
A mechanical arrangement of wedge-shaped blocks of stone or brick arranged in the form of a curve supporting the masonry or load above an opening.
29. CORNICE:
It is a horizontal moulded projection provided near the top of a building or at the junction of a wall and ceiling.
30. PARAPET:
It is a term applied to a low wall built around a flat roof to act as a protective solid balustrade for the users of the terrace.
31. WEATHERING:
Weathering is the term applied to the bevelled top surface of a stone.
32. GABLE:
It is a triangular shaped portion of masonry at the end of a sloped roof.
33. SPALLS:
Chips or small pieces of stone broken off a large block are termed as spalls.
34. COLUMNS:
It is an isolated vertical load bearing member whose width does not exceed four times its thickness.
35. PIER:
It is a vertical member of stone or brick masonry constructed to support an arch, beam or lintel etc.
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1. HEADER:
It is a full brick or stone which is laid with its length perpendicular to the face of the wall.
2. STRETCHER:
It is a full brick or stone in which is laid its length parallel to the face of the wall.
3. BOND:
It is a term applied to the overlapping of bricks or stones in a wall in alternate courses, to bind the whole wall together.
4. COURSE:
A horizontal layer of bricks or stones is termed as course.
5. HEADER COURSE:
It is a course of brickwork entirely composed of headers.
6. STRETCHER COURSE:
It is a course of brickwork in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers.
7. BED:
It is a term used to indicate the lower surface of bricks or stones in each course. It may also be termed as surface of the bricks on which it rests.
8. FACE:
The surface of a wall exposed to weather is termed as face.
9. FACING:
The material used in the face of the wall is known as facing.
10. BACK:
The inner surface of the wall which is not exposed to the weather is termed as back.
11. BACKING:
The material used in forming the back of the wall is known as backing.
12. HEARTING:
The portion of a wall between facing and backing is termed as hearting.
13. JOINT:
The junction of two or more bricks or stones is called joint.
14. RACKING BACK:
The process of stopping the unfinished end of a wall in stepped fashion.
15. BAT:
It is a portion of a brick cut across the width or a brick cut by some fraction of its length.
16. CLOSER:
It is a portion of a brick cut in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut.
17. KING CLOSER:
It is a brick which is cut in such a way that the width of one of its end is half that of a full brick.
18. QUEEN CLOSER:
It is a term applied to a brick which is half as wide as full brick. Queen closer is made by cutting a brick lengthwise into two portions.
19. BEVELLED CLOSER:
It is similar to king closer with the only difference that the whole length of the brick is bevelled for maintaining half width at one end and full width at the other.
20. MITRED CLOSER:
It is a brick whose one end is cut splayed or mitred for the full width.
21. PERPEND:
It is a vertical joint on the face of a wall directly over vertical joints in an alternate course.
22. FROG:
It is a depression on the top face of a brick. Frog provides a recess for the mortar which on setting forms a key and prevents the displacement of the brick above.
23. PLINTH:
The horizontal projecting or flush course of stone or brick provided at the base of the wall above ground level is known as plinth.
24. SILL:
It is a horizontal member of brick, stone, concrete or wood provided to give support for the vertical members of a window.
25. JAMBS:
The vertical sides of a finished opening for door, window or fire place etc. are termed as jambs.
26. REVEALS:
Reveals are the exposed vertical surfaces left on the sides of an opening after the door or window frame has been fitted in position.
27. LINTEL:
A horizontal member of stone, brick, steel or RCC, used to support the masonry or load above an opening.
28. ARCH:
A mechanical arrangement of wedge-shaped blocks of stone or brick arranged in the form of a curve supporting the masonry or load above an opening.
29. CORNICE:
It is a horizontal moulded projection provided near the top of a building or at the junction of a wall and ceiling.
30. PARAPET:
It is a term applied to a low wall built around a flat roof to act as a protective solid balustrade for the users of the terrace.
31. WEATHERING:
Weathering is the term applied to the bevelled top surface of a stone.
32. GABLE:
It is a triangular shaped portion of masonry at the end of a sloped roof.
33. SPALLS:
Chips or small pieces of stone broken off a large block are termed as spalls.
34. COLUMNS:
It is an isolated vertical load bearing member whose width does not exceed four times its thickness.
35. PIER:
It is a vertical member of stone or brick masonry constructed to support an arch, beam or lintel etc.
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👉ዛሬ ደሞ ስለ Load Combination በ ኣዲሱ የ EBCS ኮድ ኣብረን እንይ @engineersWorks
.
Combo 1= DL + LL
Combo 2= 1.35DL + 1.5LL
Combo 3= DL + 0.3LL + EQx
Combo 4= DL + 0.3LL - EQx
Combo 5= DL + 0.3LL + EQy
Combo 6= DL + 0.3LL - EQy
Combo 7= max( Combo 2 up to 6)
.
.
ሁሌ ግን ኢሄ ነው ማለት አይደለም፡፡ ለምሳሌ 0.3LL የሚለው
ህንፃውን የምንጠቀመው ለDomestic/residential purpose
ከሆነ ነው፡፡ Shop ከሆነ 0.6LL storage ከሆነ ደሞ 0.8LL
ይሆናል፡፡ ከዚህም በተጨማሪ ሁሉም ፎርሙላ ላይ የተለያዩ
ኮንዲሽኖች ስላሉ እነሱን ማየት ያስፈልጋል፡፡ መገኛቸውም EBCS
EN 1990: 2014 ከ Equation 6.9 እስከ 6.16 ነው፡፡
ፎርሙላዎቹ ውስጥ የሚገቡትን variable ለማግኘት ደሞ
check the Annex part እዩት።
.
combination ሰባት ነው ዘጠኝ ነው ስላልኩት ደሞ ብዙዎች
Earth Quakeም እያለ በሁለትና በሶስት Combination ሲሰሩ
ስላየው ነው፡፡ እንጂ ግዴታ 7 ወይ ምናምን መሆን የለበትም፡፡
ለምሳሌ Serviceability ብቻ ኮንሲደር ካደረግን አንድ ኮምቦ //
ማለትም DL+LL// ሊበቃ ይችላል፡፡ ፅሁፉ ግልፅ ስላልሆነና
ወዳልሆነ አቅጣጫ እንዳይወሰድ አንስቼዋለው፡፡
.
👉ለተጨማሜ የ ኮንስትራክሽን እውቀቶች...
🚩 እዚህ ይጫኑ
👇👇👇👇👇
https://telegram.me/engineersWorks
.
Combo 1= DL + LL
Combo 2= 1.35DL + 1.5LL
Combo 3= DL + 0.3LL + EQx
Combo 4= DL + 0.3LL - EQx
Combo 5= DL + 0.3LL + EQy
Combo 6= DL + 0.3LL - EQy
Combo 7= max( Combo 2 up to 6)
.
.
ሁሌ ግን ኢሄ ነው ማለት አይደለም፡፡ ለምሳሌ 0.3LL የሚለው
ህንፃውን የምንጠቀመው ለDomestic/residential purpose
ከሆነ ነው፡፡ Shop ከሆነ 0.6LL storage ከሆነ ደሞ 0.8LL
ይሆናል፡፡ ከዚህም በተጨማሪ ሁሉም ፎርሙላ ላይ የተለያዩ
ኮንዲሽኖች ስላሉ እነሱን ማየት ያስፈልጋል፡፡ መገኛቸውም EBCS
EN 1990: 2014 ከ Equation 6.9 እስከ 6.16 ነው፡፡
ፎርሙላዎቹ ውስጥ የሚገቡትን variable ለማግኘት ደሞ
check the Annex part እዩት።
.
combination ሰባት ነው ዘጠኝ ነው ስላልኩት ደሞ ብዙዎች
Earth Quakeም እያለ በሁለትና በሶስት Combination ሲሰሩ
ስላየው ነው፡፡ እንጂ ግዴታ 7 ወይ ምናምን መሆን የለበትም፡፡
ለምሳሌ Serviceability ብቻ ኮንሲደር ካደረግን አንድ ኮምቦ //
ማለትም DL+LL// ሊበቃ ይችላል፡፡ ፅሁፉ ግልፅ ስላልሆነና
ወዳልሆነ አቅጣጫ እንዳይወሰድ አንስቼዋለው፡፡
.
👉ለተጨማሜ የ ኮንስትራክሽን እውቀቶች...
🚩 እዚህ ይጫኑ
👇👇👇👇👇
https://telegram.me/engineersWorks
Telegram
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*ለሲቪል ; ለአርክቴክቶች÷ለኮንስትራክሽን ÷ ለሀይድሮሊክ መሀንዲሶች እና ተማሪዎች የተዘጋጀ ትምህርታዊ ቻናል ፡፡
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👉CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TIPS @engineer03
.
*ASTM Abbrevation : American Society for Testing Materials
*Grade of Concrete is denoted as Cement: Sand: Aggregate (Ex C-20 Grade : 1:2:3)
*C/C means Center to Center Distance
*DL means Development Length
*Lapping of bars not allowed if the dia of bar is more than 36mm.
*For circular column minimum of 6 longitudinal bars are used and 4 for Rectangular.
*The minimum thickness of slab is 0.125m
*Water pH value less than 6 should not be used for construction purpose.
*The concrete Should not be thrown from a height more than 1.5m.
*The Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm
*The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time of cement is 10hours.
*Dead Load means Self weight of Structure
*Sand having moisture content more than 5% should not be used for Concrete mix.
*DPC means Damp Proof Course. The thickness of DPC should not be less than 2.5cm.
*Cube test is carried out for each 30m usage of concrete.
*RMC : Ready Mix concrete, The concrete is made at factory and transported to the site, This type of concrete is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete and used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction.
*The height of floor is usually 3m or 10ft (If a person asks you whats the height of 12 storied building?
Ans: 3m x 12floors = 36m)
*A head mason can work 25-30m in a day.
*In construction, the rate analysis for the work of workers is calculated in Man Hours. (Ex: 10 Birr for 1 Man hour)
*Cantilever Beam has One fixed support and the other end is free.
*Simple supported beam has a minimum of two supports.
*PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) this type of concrete is used on members only when the tensile forces are not acting on it.
*The weight of first class clay brick should be 3.85 Kg. and it has a crushing
strength of 10.5MN/m
*Adding more water in the concrete mix to increase setting time leads to form
the Cracks or honeycomb in hardened concrete.
*Vibration in freshly made concrete is done to remove the air bubbles in concrete mix.
*Impermeability of concrete: The concrete which resists the the entry of water or moisture into it.
*The concrete can be lifted to a maximum height of 50m using Concrete
Pumps.
*The curing Period of RCC is 28days .
*The minimum sill level height should be
44 inches.
✔️The transverse reinforcement provided in columns are called Ties .
✔️The transverse reinforcement provided in
Beams is called as Stirrups .
✔️Stirrups in Beams and Ties in Column are provided to handle the shear force and to keep longitudinal bars in position.
✔️The Prime reason for using steel as reinforcement is due to thermal expansion.
The thermal expansion
coefficient of concrete and steel is (approximately) same having value
✔️C-25 grade of concrete is generally used in the construction of slab.
✔️Weight of Bar is calculated using formula D /162 (D = Dia of bar in mm)
✔️The No. of HCB required for 1 metr square of masonary wall are 13 HCB blocks.
✔️Specific gravity of Cement is 3.16g/ cm ; Bricks is 2g/cm ; Sand is 2.65g/cm ,
✔️Standard Size of Brick is 19cm x 9cm x 4 cm or 19cm or 9cm x 9 cm
✔️Floor area occupied by 50kg of Cement bag is 0.3m and height of 0.18m.
✔️As per EBCS Maximum dia of bar used in the slab should not exceed 1/8th of the total thickness of the slab.
✔️The slope or Pitch of the stair should be in between 25 degrees to 40 degrees.
✔️The rise in stairs is in between 150mm to 200mm.
✔️Tread in staircase is in between 250mm to 300mm.
✔️Hook length should not be less than 9D (Dia of Bar)
✔️Unit weight of PCC is 24KN/m , RCC is 25 KN/m , Steel is 7850Kg/m
✔️The volume of 50kg cement bag is
1.3CFT.
✔️Theodolite least count is 20Secs whereas Compass Least count is 30mins .
✔️TMT bars : TMT means Thermo Mechanically treated bars
✔️Cement more than 3 months old cannot be used for construction
✔️The length of each bar from factory is 12m.
.
👉ለተጨማሪ የ ኮንስትራክሽን ትምህርቶች 🚩 እዚህ ይጫኑ
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▶ሼር ሼር ሼር
.
*ASTM Abbrevation : American Society for Testing Materials
*Grade of Concrete is denoted as Cement: Sand: Aggregate (Ex C-20 Grade : 1:2:3)
*C/C means Center to Center Distance
*DL means Development Length
*Lapping of bars not allowed if the dia of bar is more than 36mm.
*For circular column minimum of 6 longitudinal bars are used and 4 for Rectangular.
*The minimum thickness of slab is 0.125m
*Water pH value less than 6 should not be used for construction purpose.
*The concrete Should not be thrown from a height more than 1.5m.
*The Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm
*The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time of cement is 10hours.
*Dead Load means Self weight of Structure
*Sand having moisture content more than 5% should not be used for Concrete mix.
*DPC means Damp Proof Course. The thickness of DPC should not be less than 2.5cm.
*Cube test is carried out for each 30m usage of concrete.
*RMC : Ready Mix concrete, The concrete is made at factory and transported to the site, This type of concrete is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete and used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction.
*The height of floor is usually 3m or 10ft (If a person asks you whats the height of 12 storied building?
Ans: 3m x 12floors = 36m)
*A head mason can work 25-30m in a day.
*In construction, the rate analysis for the work of workers is calculated in Man Hours. (Ex: 10 Birr for 1 Man hour)
*Cantilever Beam has One fixed support and the other end is free.
*Simple supported beam has a minimum of two supports.
*PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) this type of concrete is used on members only when the tensile forces are not acting on it.
*The weight of first class clay brick should be 3.85 Kg. and it has a crushing
strength of 10.5MN/m
*Adding more water in the concrete mix to increase setting time leads to form
the Cracks or honeycomb in hardened concrete.
*Vibration in freshly made concrete is done to remove the air bubbles in concrete mix.
*Impermeability of concrete: The concrete which resists the the entry of water or moisture into it.
*The concrete can be lifted to a maximum height of 50m using Concrete
Pumps.
*The curing Period of RCC is 28days .
*The minimum sill level height should be
44 inches.
✔️The transverse reinforcement provided in columns are called Ties .
✔️The transverse reinforcement provided in
Beams is called as Stirrups .
✔️Stirrups in Beams and Ties in Column are provided to handle the shear force and to keep longitudinal bars in position.
✔️The Prime reason for using steel as reinforcement is due to thermal expansion.
The thermal expansion
coefficient of concrete and steel is (approximately) same having value
✔️C-25 grade of concrete is generally used in the construction of slab.
✔️Weight of Bar is calculated using formula D /162 (D = Dia of bar in mm)
✔️The No. of HCB required for 1 metr square of masonary wall are 13 HCB blocks.
✔️Specific gravity of Cement is 3.16g/ cm ; Bricks is 2g/cm ; Sand is 2.65g/cm ,
✔️Standard Size of Brick is 19cm x 9cm x 4 cm or 19cm or 9cm x 9 cm
✔️Floor area occupied by 50kg of Cement bag is 0.3m and height of 0.18m.
✔️As per EBCS Maximum dia of bar used in the slab should not exceed 1/8th of the total thickness of the slab.
✔️The slope or Pitch of the stair should be in between 25 degrees to 40 degrees.
✔️The rise in stairs is in between 150mm to 200mm.
✔️Tread in staircase is in between 250mm to 300mm.
✔️Hook length should not be less than 9D (Dia of Bar)
✔️Unit weight of PCC is 24KN/m , RCC is 25 KN/m , Steel is 7850Kg/m
✔️The volume of 50kg cement bag is
1.3CFT.
✔️Theodolite least count is 20Secs whereas Compass Least count is 30mins .
✔️TMT bars : TMT means Thermo Mechanically treated bars
✔️Cement more than 3 months old cannot be used for construction
✔️The length of each bar from factory is 12m.
.
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♻️Slab directly supported on columns( without beams or beams only at the perimeter of the building) are called Flat slabs or flat plates.
❓What is the Difference between flat slab and flat plate?
♻️Flat slab is one with either drop panel or column capital(or both at the same time) that helps reduce shear stress on the column slab junction. On the other hand flat plates are slabs systems with the slab connected to the column directly.
♻️Flat slabs can bridge larger spans when compared to flat plates. Due to shear demand and deflection requirement the span flat plates can bridge is very small. According to macgregor and whites book, mechanics and design of reinforced concrete Structures, flat plates are most economical for spans from 15 to 20ft [4.5 to 6 m] and flat slabs are used for spans of 20 to 30 ft[6 to 9 m].
♻️Flat slab or plates can be analyzed using several methods of structural analysis. Some of these methods are:
✅DDM(direct design method),
✅EFM(equivalent frame method),
✅FEM(finite element method),
✅Grillage method,
✅Yeild line method and
✅Strip method of analysis.
discussed on
@engineersWorks
❓What is the Difference between flat slab and flat plate?
♻️Flat slab is one with either drop panel or column capital(or both at the same time) that helps reduce shear stress on the column slab junction. On the other hand flat plates are slabs systems with the slab connected to the column directly.
♻️Flat slabs can bridge larger spans when compared to flat plates. Due to shear demand and deflection requirement the span flat plates can bridge is very small. According to macgregor and whites book, mechanics and design of reinforced concrete Structures, flat plates are most economical for spans from 15 to 20ft [4.5 to 6 m] and flat slabs are used for spans of 20 to 30 ft[6 to 9 m].
♻️Flat slab or plates can be analyzed using several methods of structural analysis. Some of these methods are:
✅DDM(direct design method),
✅EFM(equivalent frame method),
✅FEM(finite element method),
✅Grillage method,
✅Yeild line method and
✅Strip method of analysis.
discussed on
@engineersWorks