👉Mat(raft) foundation

➡️Commonly two types of mat foundation are available.

✅Ribbed mat( beam and slab mat)

✅solid mat ( flat slab mat )

➡️ Ribbed mat can be described simply as an inverted solid slab subjected to bearing pressure as load.

➡️ solid mat( uniform depth mat ) can be described as a flat slab subjected to bearing pressure as load.

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👉shear failure is sudden and brittle failure. The failure is with diagonal cracks occuring some distance from the face of support.

👉on any given section shear and flexure occur at the same time( except point with either shear or moment is zero). The interaction of the two stresses, if the principle of stress transformation is followed, develop tension and shear at an angle different from 0 or 90°.

👉The diagonal tension resulting from interaction of shear and flexure is responsible for shear failure.

👉beams without shear reinforcement faile in one of the five modes:

☑️diagonal tension

☑️shear compression

☑️shear tension

☑️web crushing and

☑️arch rib failure.

👉The failure mode likely to occur depends on:

☑️moment to shear ratio( M/V),

☑️ type of loading(concentrated or distributed)

☑️beam cross section.

👉 concrete without shear reinforcement resists shear by the contribution of:
☑️concrete uncracked section,

☑️aggregate interlock and

☑️due to dowel action of longitudinal reinforcement.

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👉የዛሬ ደግሞ Unit Weight Of Building Materials እናያለን
@engineer03
.
*Water- 1000 Kg/ m3
*Bricks (broken) - 1420 Kg/ m3
*Bricks(common) -1600 Kg/ m3
*Cement(ordinary)- 1440 Kg/ m3
*Cement (rapid hardening)- 1250 Kg/ m3
*Cement Mortar - 2000 Kg/ m3
*Cement Concrete (Plain) - 2400 Kg/ m3
*Cement Concrete (Reinforced) -2500 Kg/ m3
*Glass - 2500 Kg/ m3
*Lime Concrete - 1900 Kg/ m3
*Cement Plaster - 2000 Kg/ m3
*Lime Plaster - 1700 Kg/ m3
*Stones (Ballast) - 1720 Kg/ m3
*Stones (Aggregates)- 1750 Kg/ m3
*Stones (Basalt)- 2850 Kg/ m3
*Stones (Granite) - 2450 Kg/ m3
*Stones (Marble)- 2650 Kg/ m3
*Timber (Oak, Sal) - 510 Kg/ m3
*Timber (Mango) - 650 Kg/ m3
*Timber (Teak)- 625 Kg/ m3
*Coal- 600 Kg/ m3 *Plastics- 1250 Kg/ m3
*Oils- 800 Kg/ m3
*Ashes- 650 Kg/ m3
*Clinker- 750 Kg/ m3
*Rubber- 1300 Kg/ m3
*Slag- 1500 Kg/ m3
*Clay Soil- 1900 Kg/ m3
*Sand (dry) - 1540 to 1600 Kg/ m3
*Sand (wet)- 1760 to 2000 Kg/ m3
*Steel- 7850 Kg/ m3
*Chalk- 2100 Kg/ m3
*Bitumen- 1040 Kg/ m3
.
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