📌▪What is the standard size of a column for building?

Nowadays RCC columns are widely used, here is the detail about it.

The size of the columns depends on the total load on the columns.

The minimum size of the column should not be less than 9”x9”.

9”x9” columns are to be used for a single storey structure with M15 (1:2:4) (cement: sand: aggregate ) grade of concrete.

In case, 9”x9” column size is to be used for 1 and half storey structure, then it is advised to use M20 (1:1.5:3) (cement : sand : aggregate ) grade concrete.

A safe and structurally sound column size for a 1 and half storey structure should not be less than 12”x9” using M15 grade concrete. This should be in your most preferred and practical options list.

▪Distance between the columns

Try to maintain equal distance between the centres of two columns. Always plan a column layout on a grid.

The distance between two columns of size 9”x9” should not be more than 4m centre to centre of column.

If larger barrier free distances are required then going for larger column size is to be used.

The size of the columns increase because of two factors:

1 . Increase in the distance between two columns (This increases the dimensions of the columns as well the depth of the beam.)

2 . Height of the building (Increase in the number of floors is directly proportional to the dimensions of the columns.



▪Alignment of Columns

A rectangular grid is to be made for placing the columns. This helps in avoiding mistakes and placing in columns can be done in the right way.

The columns can preferably be arranged in two different fashions:

1 . In a straight line with the help of a grid.

2 . In a circular fashion for circular buildings.

Zigzag arrangement of columns is an absolutely wrong way of working out Structural design. It should be remembered that when columns are erected, beams are laid connecting the columns.

The Zigzag column placement causes three major issues:

1 . Unbalanced load transfer

2 . Problems in wall construction

3 . Problems in laying beams.


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Cross section of typical septic tank

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📌▪Runoff

▪ Runoff : Flowing off of precipitation from a catchment area through a surface channel

▪ Direct runoff (Storm runoff) : It is part of runoff which enter the stream immediately after the precipitation.

▪ Base flow : The delayed flow that reaches a stream essentially as ground water flow

▪ Virgin flow : The flow in a stream unaffected by works of man.

▪ Ephemeral stream : Does not have any base flow contribution.

▪ Runoff coefficient (k) = runoff/rainfall

▪ Flow duration curve is a plot of stream flow Vs percentage of times the flow is equalled or exceeded.

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📌Some stress distributions in hydraulics

▪Direct Stress Distribution is Uniform At sections Reasonably Away from Point of application of load.

▪Bending stress Distribution is Linear being zero at Neutral axis & maximum at extreme Fibres.

▪Transverse shear stress (Tangential stress) Distribution is Parabolic being Zero at extreme Fibres & Maximum at Neutral axis.

▪Torsional Shear stress Distribution is Linear being zero at neutral axis and Maximum at extreme Fibres.

▪In Turbulent Flow velocity profile is logarithmic.

▪In Laminar Flow velocity profile is Parabolic.

▪Laminar Sublayer Exist In Turbulent zone and the velocity profile in Laminar Sublayer is Parabolic.

▪Shear stress distribution is linear in both Laminar and Turbulent flows.

▪Average shear Stress Distribution is always Uniform (rectangular).

▪Average velocity distribution is always Uniform in both Laminar and Turbulent Flow situations (rectangular).

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📌 🔹Commonly asked questions in interviews🔹
#share

▪️Q: What is civil engineering?

Ans: It is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the construction, design and maintenance of the built environment, including public works for example roads, dams, bridges, buildings, canals, airports, sewerage systems, pipes and railways etc.

▪️Q: What are the different departments of civil engineering?

Ans: The departments of civil engineering are given:

Structural engineering

Geotechnical engineering

Environmental engineering

Water resource engineering

Material science engineering

Coastal engineering

Transportation engineering

Urban infrastructure

Construction management

Architectural engineering

Railway engineering

Fluid Mechanical

▪️Q: Which softwares are used in civil engineering?

Ans: The software used in civil engineering are:

AutoCAD

3DS max

Prime Vera

SAP 2000

Microsoft project (word, Excel, PowerPoint etc.)

Storm CAD

Revit

Eagle point

ETABS

MX Road

▪️Q: Please tell us the formula for calculating the unit weight of steel?

Ans: D2 / 162.162

▪️Q: What is slump test?

Ans: On construction site the slump test is used to measure the workability of concrete & it is measured by using a slump cone. On site, for high slump value, the water-cement ratio must be high. While for low slump value, the water-cement ratio is low.

▪️Q: Please tell us about workability of concrete?

Ans: Workability means the ease of placing and compacting concrete. Water cement ratio is directly proportional to the workability and inversely proportional to their strength.

▪️Q: What is the density of steel?

Ans: The density of steel is 7850 Kg / m3.

▪️Q: What is unit weight of cement?

Ans: The unit weight of cement is 145 lb / ft3.

▪️Q: Please tell us about beam?

Ans: Beam is a structural member used to resist the applied load. Generally, beam is used to resist the shear force, vertical load and bending moment. Beam is horizontal element which is imposed on end points between walls, columns, pillars, foundations etc. In the past, beams were square, timber, metals, stone combination of timber and metal for example filth beam. Beams are used to carry vertical load. Beam is a flexible member which can resist the compression and tension force


.

▪️Q: What is column?

Ans: Column is a structural member which transmits the load of structure to the footing and soil. In other words, column is a compressive member that is constructed from concrete, reinforcement concrete, bricks and blocks etc. It is used to support beam or arches where the slab or ceiling rest. It can be of many shapes such as rectangular, square, circular, hexagonal, octagonal etc. The column is arising from the base and rest on the foundation. It can be constructed of masonry or steel. It is design to resist the lateral force and for the purpose of wind or earth quack. A column might be used for decorative purpose.

▪️Q: What is minimum number of bars used in circular column?

Ans: There can be a minimum of six 6 bars used in circular column.

▪️Q: Please tell what is absorption of brick?

Ans: Bricks should not absorb more than 20 % of water, when it is immersed in water for at least one day or 24 hours.

▪️Q: Can water damage concrete?

Ans: Yes! Water can damage concrete. The defects that water induced in concrete are given below:

Water reduces the strength of concrete.
Water reduces the permeability for further water seepage.
It reduces the durability.

▪️Q: Difference between QA and QC?

Ans: QA stands for quality assurance, the activities designed to confirm that the development process and maintenance process is good to confirm a system will meet its objective.

QC stands for quality control, the activities designed to evaluate a developed work product.

▪️Q: Does brick grow every year?

Ans: No! the bricks do not grow every year. It grows because of the stuff that gets all over the bricks. that’s why its look like it grows every year.

📌 ▪️Q: Tell us about the purpose of gap in the road on the bridge?

Ans: When temperature changes, it contract or expand. In winter it contracts while in summer it expands. These contract and expand results to damage or deformation to the road.

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🔹CLEAR COVER TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT -

▪️ FOOTINGS : 50 mm

▪️ RAFT FOUNDATION TOP : 50 mm

▪️ RAFT FOUNDATION BOTTOM/SIDES : 75 mm

▪️ STRAP BEAM : 50 mm

▪️ GRADE SLAB : 20 mm

▪️ COLUMN : 40 mm

▪️ SHEAR WALL : 25 mm

▪️ BEAMS : 25 mm

▪️ SLABS : 15 mm

▪️ FLAT SLAB : 20 mm

▪️ STAIRCASE : 15 mm

▪️ RET. WALL : 20/ 25 mm on earth

▪️ WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES : 20/30 mm

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📌▪Prevention of trains from accidents due to the expansion▪

Every part of the long railway track has connected through a special joint. It named the fish plate.

The plates placed at both side of railway track and fastened with nut and bolts tightly. The plates called a fish plate.

Keeping the gap between two consecutive railway track railway engineers eliminate the possible cause of accidents for expanding and contraction of railway steel metal track according to temperature difference in different seasons.

At the hot seasons when railway track expands it fillup the gap and when in cold due to contractions of railway track metal the gap will expand. But due to this gap, there are no abnormalities of the layout of Railway tracks. It remains straight.

There is no problem of running of the train upon the railway track over between the gaps of railway tracks of fishplates.

Nowadays the fish plate becomes obsolete. The railway track now comes in long in length and fish plate remove by over lapping section like this.

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📌#Question_And_Answer_for_civil_Engineers #share

===#Part_2====

▪️Q: What is honey comb in concrete?

Ans: Honey comb is actually the voids or air pocks in concrete.

▪️Q: What is the distance between railway tracks?

Ans: The distance between railway track is 4 feet.

▪️Q: Why the pressure increases under soil?

Ans: Soil pressure increases because of its self–weight. The pressure of soil is directly proportional to the depth of soil.

▪️Q: Name the structures which is subjected to the fatigue?

Ans: The structures which is subjected to the fatigue are:

Bridges

Hydraulic presses

Burner trains

▪️Q: What is gravity flow?

Ans: When the fluid is flowing due to the force gravity but not on applied pressure is known as gravity flow.

▪️Q: What is Kip?

Ans: 1 Kip is equal to 1000 ponds.

▪️Q: What is aggregate?

Ans: The composite material used to resist the compressive stress. Aggregates are classified in two main types:

Fine Aggregate

Coarse Aggregate

▪️Q: Please tell us about soil reinforcement?

Ans: Soil reinforcement are used to improve soil strength and have ability to support more load.

▪️Q: What is world largest concrete dam?

Ans: The world largest concrete dam is Grand coulee dam.

▪️Q: Please tell the tallest man made structure?

Ans: The tallest man made structure is Burj ul khalifa. The height of burj ul khalifa is 828 meter.

▪️Q: Which units are used for the measurement of concrete?

Ans: Cubic meter (m3), cubic foot (ft3), cubic yard (y3).

▪️Q: What are the causes of building collapse?

Ans: The causes of building collapse are:

Weak foundation

Passage of time

Demolition

Bombing

Natural disaster

▪️Q: What is the final setting time of concrete?

Ans: The final setting time of ordinary concrete is 10 hours.

▪️Q: What is initial setting rime of concrete?

Ans: The initial setting time of ordinary concrete is 30 minutes.

▪️Q: Please tell us about the types of beam?

Ans: The types of beam base on supports are:

Simply supported beam

Continuous beam

Over hanging beam

Double over hanging

Cantilever beam

Fixed beam

Trussed beam

▪️Q: Please tell us about the types of load?

Ans: The types of load are:

dead load

live load

snow load

impact load

Wind load

Earth quacke

Environmental load

▪️Q: What is minimum number of bars used in rectangular or square column?

Ans: 8 Eight minimum number of bars can be used in rectangular or square column.

▪️Q: What is minimum grade of concrete used in RCC work?

Ans: The minimum M20 grade of concrete is used in RCC Work.

▪️Q: What is the size of brick?

Ans: The standard size of this brick is 19 x 9 x 9 cm.

▪️Q: What are the numbers of brick required per 1 cubic meter (m3)?

Ans: 1 cubic meter (m3) contains 500 numbers of brick.

▪️Q: Who designed the city of Washington Dc?

Ans: Pierre L’ enfant designed the city of Washington DC.

▪️Q: Please tell us how long concrete takes to harden?

Ans: Concrete takes 28 days to cure and gain 85% of strength.

▪️Q: How many pyramid in Egypt?

Ans: There are 80 pyramids in Egypt.

▪️Q: How do you calculate the volume air flow?

Ans: Orifice meter is used to measure the air flow.

▪️Q: How many square feet are in square yard?

Ans: There are 9 nine square feet in a one 1 square yard.

▪️Q: What are the strongest shape in building?

Ans: The strongest shape in building is pillars.

▪️Q: What are the different types of slump test?

Ans: The different types of slump test are:

Shear slump

True slump

Collapse slump

▪️Q: What is mean reinforcement concrete?

Ans: Reinforcement concrete means the composition concrete (cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate) and steel is known as reinforcement of concrete.

▪️Q: What is DPC stands for?

Ans: DPC stands for damp proof coarse

▪️Q: How many bricks are there in 100 cft?

Ans: There are 1350 number of bricks in 100 cft.
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🇪🇹የ ኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ አዲሱ የመንገደኞች ማስተናገጃ ተርሚናል የተጠቃሚውን ደህንነትና ምቾት በጠበቀ እና ዘመናዊ በሆነ ቴክኖሎጂ ግንባታው ተጠናቆ አገልግሎት ለመስጠት ዝግጁ ሆኗል።
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_*📌▪One way & two way slab*▪_

*1:One Way slab.*

When the slab is supported at all sides and length/width >2 or = 2 of the slab panel,so maximum load is carried along the shorter direction.that is why the main reinforcement is placed along the load carrying direction.
In one way slab, the slab are supported by the beam on two opposite sides.

*2: Two Way slab.*

When a reinforced concrete slab is supported by beam on all four sides and the load are carried by the supports along the both direction,it is known is Two way Slab. In Two Way Slab the ratio of longer span and shorter span length/width is <2.
This type of slab is used in the floor of multi-story buildings.
In two way slab,the slab is supported on all four sides.
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👉ከ300 ሚሊዮን ኩንታል በላይ የሲሚንቶ ምርት ከውጭ ሊገባ ነው!#share

🚧በኢትዮጵያ የተከሰተውን የሲሚንቶ እጥረት ችግር ለመፍታት 320 ሚሊዮን ኩንታል የሲሚንቶ ምርት ከውጭ ሊያስገባ መሆኑን የንድግና ኢንዱስትሪ ሚኒስቴር አስታውቋል።

🚧በዘርፉ የህገ-ወጥ ነጋዴዎችና ደላሎች መበራከት ለሲሚንቶ ምርት እጥረት አንዱ ምክንያት መሆኑን የገለጹት የንግድና ኢንዱስትሪ ሚኒስቴር የኮሙንኬሽን ዳይሬክተር አቶ ወንድሙ ፍላቴ ችግሩን በዘላቂነት ለመፍታትም "የሲሚንቶ አቅርቦት ግብይትና ስርጭት መመሪያ " ተዘጋጅቶ ወደ ስራ መገባቱን አስታውቀዋል፡፡

🚧የተዘጋጀው መመሪያ የሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ አምራቾች አሁን እያመረቱ ካሉት ከአቅማቸው ከ50 በመቶ በታች ወደ 85 በመቶ ከፍ እንዲያደረጉ የሚያስገድድ ነው።

🚧በመመሪያው መሰረት ከውጭ የሚገባው የሲሚንቶ ምርት መጠን ከ3 ሺህ ቶን በላይ መሆን ያለበት ሲሆን ከተመረተም 3 ወራት ያልበለጠው መሆን ይኖርበታል ተብሏል።
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⏺️The King Fahd Causeway⏺️ .
It is a series of bridges and causeways connecting Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. At 25 km. (15.5 mi.), the western terminus of the causeway is the al-Khour neighbourhood of Khobar, Saudi Arabia and the eastern terminus is Al Jasra, Bahrain.

Total length: 25 km (16 mi)

Construction cost: US$ 800 million

Constructed by: Ballast Nedam

Crosses: Gulf of Bahrain

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🔹FORMWORK:

Formwork is the temporary structure which used as a mold in which we pour the fresh concrete. when we make the formwork shape for nay structure so it can give us the concrete shape easily. and formwork are provide for beam column , slab and wall etc.We remove the formwork once the concrete has gained sufficient strength though in some circumstances it may be left in place(permanent formwork).

▪️ SHUTTERING

Formwork which supports the vertical surface is known as shuttering. The given picture can refer the shuttering.


▪️CENTERING:

Centering is the Part of the formworkwhich supports the horizontal surface is called centering for example slab bottom, beam bottom etc.

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EXAMINATION FOR EMPLOYING CIVIL ENGINEERS

1. Describe briefly what optimum moisture content is

Answers
.OMC - The moisture content of a soil calculated on the basis of dry weight of soil at which the soil can be compacted to the approximate maximum density under a specified standard method of compaction.

2. What are the documents that should be included in a standard tendering document?
Answers:-
a. Invitation for Bids
b. Instructions to Bidders
c. Bidding Data
d. Part I—General Conditions of Contract
e. Part II—Conditions of Particular Application
f. Method of Measurement and Technical specifications
g. Form of Bid, Appendix to Bid, and Bid Security
h. Bill of Quantities
i. Form of Agreement, Forms of Performance Security, and Advance Payment Bank Guarantee
j. Drawings
k. Supplementary Information including clarification
l. Postqualification [update in case there was no prequalification]
m. Addendum for Minutes of pre-Tender meeting, Notes of Negotiations and other Addendum.

3. What does force majeure mean? Mention at least three examples.

Answers:-
An exceptional event or circumstance during execution of a certain project which is beyond all parties (Employer, contractor and consultant) control. Example: Earth quake, flood, tender storm, war

4. What are the basic procedures for developing annual work program and performance budget?

Answers:-
a. Collect and review data
b. Calculate project life working days
c. Analyze project life time frame
d. Develop the annual work program
e. Distribute and balance the work load
f. Develop annual work calendar
g. Determine resource requirements
h. Develop performance budget
i. Analyze resource requirement versus availability

5. What does planning in critical path method mean? And what is the relationship between duration of critical path and project duration?
 
Answers:-
It is a network technique where every activity is assigned a fixed duration and these activities are ordered with respect to each other. There is at least one path through the network, from start to finish that controls the project length which is called the critical path. The project duration is the summation of duration of the activities on a critical path.
 

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🏗TNT CONSTRUCTION & TRADING New posted job for Engineers

🚧Address: Addis Ababa around Ayat Square on the way to Tafo,

🤏registration date.......September 6, 2020 - September 19, 2020

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EXAMS FOR ENGINEERS
Give Clear Answer For Each Question

1. Explain The Purpose Of Super Elevation &Widening?

🤏 Super elevation used to counterbalance centrifugal force &resists overturning of
vehicles.
Factors of supper elevation are:-
a. Climate condition
b. Terrain types
c. Types of area (rural or urban)
d. Types of facility
🤏 Widening used to for visibility of an object on circular curve for psycologica & off tracking vehicle.

2. Write The Types Of Terrain & The D/Ce B/T Them? types of terrains are

🤏 Flat terrain is offer a few obstacle to the construction of road, having continuous unrestricted horizontal & vertical alignment & traverse slope is 0-5%
🤏 Rolling ፦slope generally rise & fall moderately ,some restriction in alignment & its traverse slope is 5-25%
🤏 Mountainous ፦definet restriction of alignment & ssd ,has steep grade and their traverse slope is 25-50%
🤏 Escarpment ፦inclusive of switch back roadway section & traverse slope is >50%

3. Write The Types Of Sight Distance & Explain Them?

SD is distance visible to the driver s o f a passenger’s car. The types of SD is
🤏 Ssd is visible to the drivers to stop the passenger’s car before collapsed. D=0.278vt+v2/254f
🤏 Psd is a minimum sd on the two ways single road way that must be available to enable that the driver of one vehicles to another vehicles safely without interfering with the speed of oncoming vehicles at the design speed.
D1=0.278t1(v-m+at1/2) D2=0.278vt2
D4 =2/3(d2)
Psd=d1+d2 +d3 +d4 where is the speed d/ce b/n passed vehicle & passing
vehicles

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