#CES #steel
🧰 Few general points for the civil engineer to remember to make the construction work easy and hence maintaining the quality of the work, done on the site:
⚙️36mm is the maximum diameter of the bars used for lapping. Bars having more than this diameter are not allowed.
⚒Maximum chair spacing is 1m and the minimum diameter used for these bars is 12mm.
🔨Minimum diameter used for dowels bars is 12mm.
🔨Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% of gross area of cross section and not be more than 6% of the same.
🔨Minimum number of bars used for square columns is 4 and that of a circle is 6.
🔨The main bars used in the slabs should not be less than 8mm when HYSD bars are used and 10mm when plain bars are used.
🔨The distribution bars in slabs should not less than 8mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.
⛏Minimum thickness of slab is 125mm.
⛏Maximum free fall of concrete is allowed to 1.50m.
🔩Lap slices not be employed for bars greater than 36 mm.
💎PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
🔨Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N/mm2
🔨Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %.
🔨Binding wire required in steel reinforcement is 8 kg per MT.
🔨As per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for core cutting test for every 100m2in soil filling.
https://t.me/engineer03
🧰 Few general points for the civil engineer to remember to make the construction work easy and hence maintaining the quality of the work, done on the site:
⚙️36mm is the maximum diameter of the bars used for lapping. Bars having more than this diameter are not allowed.
⚒Maximum chair spacing is 1m and the minimum diameter used for these bars is 12mm.
🔨Minimum diameter used for dowels bars is 12mm.
🔨Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% of gross area of cross section and not be more than 6% of the same.
🔨Minimum number of bars used for square columns is 4 and that of a circle is 6.
🔨The main bars used in the slabs should not be less than 8mm when HYSD bars are used and 10mm when plain bars are used.
🔨The distribution bars in slabs should not less than 8mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.
⛏Minimum thickness of slab is 125mm.
⛏Maximum free fall of concrete is allowed to 1.50m.
🔩Lap slices not be employed for bars greater than 36 mm.
💎PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
🔨Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N/mm2
🔨Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %.
🔨Binding wire required in steel reinforcement is 8 kg per MT.
🔨As per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for core cutting test for every 100m2in soil filling.
https://t.me/engineer03
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Civil Engineering
*ለሲቪል ; ለአርክቴክቶች÷ለኮንስትራክሽን ÷ ለሀይድሮሊክ መሀንዲሶች እና ተማሪዎች የተዘጋጀ ትምህርታዊ ቻናል ፡፡
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@engineer03
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Fig.1. Curling of Concrete Slab due to Differential Drying Shrinkage
Curling in Concrete Slabs
What is Concrete Slab Curling?
Curling is the process of bending of slab edges either upwards or downwards. When a higher load, more than the permissible weight is applied over this distorted slab, the surface cracks. As an aftereffect of cracks, the edges of the slab can either chip off or spall. This is mainly observed in high traffic areas. From different cases studied, most of the curling of slab occurs at the early stages. But curling can also occur at later stages of the slab.
Curling in Concrete Slabs
Temperature or moisture content variation on the concrete slab’s top and bottom surfaces results in the lifting of the slab edges or the middle portion of the slab, as shown in figure-1 below. In both the cases, the curling effect leaves an unsupported portion. When a higher load, more than the permissible weight is applied over this distorted slab, the surface cracks, and as an aftereffect of cracks, the edges of the slab may either chip off or spall. This is mainly observed in high traffic areas. As per the case studies, most of the curling of slab occurs at the early stages. But it doesn’t mean that curling cannot occur in the later stages of the slab.
Fig.1. Curling of Concrete Slab due to Differential Drying Shrinkage
The significant causes of curling in concrete are drying shrinkage and temperature differences. Both the factors bring a change in the slab dimension relative to the other- This change in dimension results in the warping of edges in the direction of relative shortening.
Curling in Concrete Slabs due to Drying Shrinkage
Drying shrinkage is caused due to moisture content variation. When the top surface of the concrete slab dries and undergoes shrinkage with respect to the bottom surface, it results in curling. As shown in figure-1, the drying shrinkage occurs in the upward curling of the concrete slab. Drying shrinkage is caused due to:
1. Improper Curing
2. Rapid surface drying
3. High bleeding
See⏬
Fig.2. Upward and Downward Curling of the Concrete Slab
Curling in Concrete Slabs due to Temperature Differences
The temperature differences on the top and bottom surfaces of the concrete slab also result in the curling of the slab. The top cover, which is more exposed to the sunlight, undergoes more expansion when compared to the cooler bottom of the slab. It results in downward curling of the edges, as shown in figure-2(a). During cold temperature, the opposite happens, which results in upward curling in concrete slabs.
Other than the shrinkage issues and temperature variation, the condition of subgrade (wet or dry), the temperature cycles, and the construction practice influence the concrete slab curling.
How to Prevent Curling in Concrete Slabs?
The primary factors that result in concrete curling are shrinkage, temperature variations, moisture content of the soil, and the quality of construction. Some of the critical practice that must be followed to prevent the causes in curling in concrete slabs are enlisted below:
1. Prevent Drying Shrinkage
Drying shrinkage, to some extent, can be prevented by using the lowest effective water content for the concrete mix and by using the largest possible sized coarse aggregate.
2. Prevent Bleeding
All preventive measures to avoid excessive bleeding must be practiced in the construction. Bleeding, to some extent, can be avoided by placing the concrete on a surface that is damp or absorptive. This helps to prevent the bleed water from coming on the top. This method is recommended for the construction of interior slabs.
3. Reduce cement content
Always employ the necessary cement content. When high cement content is essential, using pozzolana like fly ash, silica fume, etc. is an alternative.
4. Quality Curing of Concrete Slab
Cure the concrete properly, including the joints and edges of the slab. When the membrane curing method is used, the application of the membrane is performed twice. The second application is done at right angles to the first application.
5. Thickness of the concrete slab
What is Concrete Slab Curling?
Curling is the process of bending of slab edges either upwards or downwards. When a higher load, more than the permissible weight is applied over this distorted slab, the surface cracks. As an aftereffect of cracks, the edges of the slab can either chip off or spall. This is mainly observed in high traffic areas. From different cases studied, most of the curling of slab occurs at the early stages. But curling can also occur at later stages of the slab.
Curling in Concrete Slabs
Temperature or moisture content variation on the concrete slab’s top and bottom surfaces results in the lifting of the slab edges or the middle portion of the slab, as shown in figure-1 below. In both the cases, the curling effect leaves an unsupported portion. When a higher load, more than the permissible weight is applied over this distorted slab, the surface cracks, and as an aftereffect of cracks, the edges of the slab may either chip off or spall. This is mainly observed in high traffic areas. As per the case studies, most of the curling of slab occurs at the early stages. But it doesn’t mean that curling cannot occur in the later stages of the slab.
Fig.1. Curling of Concrete Slab due to Differential Drying Shrinkage
The significant causes of curling in concrete are drying shrinkage and temperature differences. Both the factors bring a change in the slab dimension relative to the other- This change in dimension results in the warping of edges in the direction of relative shortening.
Curling in Concrete Slabs due to Drying Shrinkage
Drying shrinkage is caused due to moisture content variation. When the top surface of the concrete slab dries and undergoes shrinkage with respect to the bottom surface, it results in curling. As shown in figure-1, the drying shrinkage occurs in the upward curling of the concrete slab. Drying shrinkage is caused due to:
1. Improper Curing
2. Rapid surface drying
3. High bleeding
See⏬
Fig.2. Upward and Downward Curling of the Concrete Slab
Curling in Concrete Slabs due to Temperature Differences
The temperature differences on the top and bottom surfaces of the concrete slab also result in the curling of the slab. The top cover, which is more exposed to the sunlight, undergoes more expansion when compared to the cooler bottom of the slab. It results in downward curling of the edges, as shown in figure-2(a). During cold temperature, the opposite happens, which results in upward curling in concrete slabs.
Other than the shrinkage issues and temperature variation, the condition of subgrade (wet or dry), the temperature cycles, and the construction practice influence the concrete slab curling.
How to Prevent Curling in Concrete Slabs?
The primary factors that result in concrete curling are shrinkage, temperature variations, moisture content of the soil, and the quality of construction. Some of the critical practice that must be followed to prevent the causes in curling in concrete slabs are enlisted below:
1. Prevent Drying Shrinkage
Drying shrinkage, to some extent, can be prevented by using the lowest effective water content for the concrete mix and by using the largest possible sized coarse aggregate.
2. Prevent Bleeding
All preventive measures to avoid excessive bleeding must be practiced in the construction. Bleeding, to some extent, can be avoided by placing the concrete on a surface that is damp or absorptive. This helps to prevent the bleed water from coming on the top. This method is recommended for the construction of interior slabs.
3. Reduce cement content
Always employ the necessary cement content. When high cement content is essential, using pozzolana like fly ash, silica fume, etc. is an alternative.
4. Quality Curing of Concrete Slab
Cure the concrete properly, including the joints and edges of the slab. When the membrane curing method is used, the application of the membrane is performed twice. The second application is done at right angles to the first application.
5. Thickness of the concrete slab
It is recommended to design a thicker slab to prevent curling. If not, provide an increased thickness at the edges.
6. Proper Steel Reinforcement
Properly designed and placed steel reinforcement can help prevent the curling to some extent. Any load transferring devices used to prevent the vertical movement is placed across the direction of construction joints.
7. Use of Sealers and Coatings
There are unique breathable sealers that help to minimize the difference in moisture, which hence prevents curling.
6. Proper Steel Reinforcement
Properly designed and placed steel reinforcement can help prevent the curling to some extent. Any load transferring devices used to prevent the vertical movement is placed across the direction of construction joints.
7. Use of Sealers and Coatings
There are unique breathable sealers that help to minimize the difference in moisture, which hence prevents curling.
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Civil Engineer's work
Forwarded from አሥራት ሚዲያ Asrat Media ®🇪🇹
ውኃ ለመያዝ የሚያስችሉ ሥራዎች ከሳምንታት በኋላ ይጠናቀቃሉ
ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብ ውኃ ለመያዝ የሚያስችሉ ሥራዎች ከሳምንታት በኋላ እንደሚጠናቀቁ የውኃ መስኖ እና ኢነርጂ ሚኒስትር ዶ/ር ኢንጂነር ስለሺ በቀለ ገለጹ።
ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብ ከአንድ ወር በኋላ ውኃ እንዲይዝ የሚያስችሉ ተግባራት በመከናወን ላይ መሆኑን ለኢቲቪ የገለጹት ሚኒስትሩ፣ በቀጣይ ሳምንታት የሚከናወኑ ቀሪ ተግባራት ከተከናወኑ በኋላ ግድቡ የመጀመሪያውን ዙር ውኃ መያዝ እንደሚችል መናገራቸውን አሥራት ሚዲያ ዘግቧል።
ይህም በሚቀጥለው ዓመት የቅድመ-ኃይል ማመንጫ ተግባሩን ለማከናወን ወሳኝ ምዕራፍ መሆኑን ነው ዶ/ር ኢንጂነር ስለሺ በቀለ የተናገሩት።
ሚኒስትሩ ይህን የተናገሩት ከምክትል ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር አቶ ደመቀ መኮንን እና ከሌሎች ከፍተኛ የመንግሥት ሥራ ኃላፊዎች ጋር ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብን በጎበኙበት ወቅት ነው።
ምክትል ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር አቶ ደመቀ መኮንን እና ሌሎች ከፍተኛ የመንግሥት የሥራ ኃላፊዎች ከጉብኝታቸው በኋላ ግድቡ በሚከናወንበት ስፍራ ላይ ችግኞች ተክለዋል።
ሰኔ 1 ቀን 2012 ዓ.ም
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ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብ ውኃ ለመያዝ የሚያስችሉ ሥራዎች ከሳምንታት በኋላ እንደሚጠናቀቁ የውኃ መስኖ እና ኢነርጂ ሚኒስትር ዶ/ር ኢንጂነር ስለሺ በቀለ ገለጹ።
ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብ ከአንድ ወር በኋላ ውኃ እንዲይዝ የሚያስችሉ ተግባራት በመከናወን ላይ መሆኑን ለኢቲቪ የገለጹት ሚኒስትሩ፣ በቀጣይ ሳምንታት የሚከናወኑ ቀሪ ተግባራት ከተከናወኑ በኋላ ግድቡ የመጀመሪያውን ዙር ውኃ መያዝ እንደሚችል መናገራቸውን አሥራት ሚዲያ ዘግቧል።
ይህም በሚቀጥለው ዓመት የቅድመ-ኃይል ማመንጫ ተግባሩን ለማከናወን ወሳኝ ምዕራፍ መሆኑን ነው ዶ/ር ኢንጂነር ስለሺ በቀለ የተናገሩት።
ሚኒስትሩ ይህን የተናገሩት ከምክትል ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር አቶ ደመቀ መኮንን እና ከሌሎች ከፍተኛ የመንግሥት ሥራ ኃላፊዎች ጋር ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብን በጎበኙበት ወቅት ነው።
ምክትል ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር አቶ ደመቀ መኮንን እና ሌሎች ከፍተኛ የመንግሥት የሥራ ኃላፊዎች ከጉብኝታቸው በኋላ ግድቡ በሚከናወንበት ስፍራ ላይ ችግኞች ተክለዋል።
ሰኔ 1 ቀን 2012 ዓ.ም
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Building construction
1. Span : It is the clear distance between the supports of an arch, beam or roof truss.
2. Rise : It is the vertical distance between the top of the ridge and the wall plate
3. Pitch : It is the inclination of the sides of a roof to the horizontal plane.
4. Ridge : It is defined as the apex line of the sloping roof.
5. Eaves : The lower edge of the inclined surfaces is called eaves. From eaves, the rain water from the roof surface drops down
6. Hip : It is the ridge formed by the intersection of two sloping surfaces, where exterior angle is greater than 180°
7. Valley : It is a reverse of a hip. It is formed by the intersection of two roof Surfaces, making an external angle less than 180°.
8. Hipped end : It is the sloped triangular surface formed at the end of a roof.
9. Verge : The edge of a gable, running between the eaves and ridge, is known as a verge.
10. Ridge piece or ridge beam or ridge board : It is the horizontal wooden member, in the form of a beam or board, which is provided at the apex of a roof truss. It supports the common rafters fixed to it.
11. Common rafters or Spars : These are inclined wooden members running from the ridge to the eaves. Depending upon the roof covering material, the rafters are Spaced 30 to 45 cm centre to centre.
12. Purlins : These are horizontal wooden or steel members, used to support common rafters of a roof when span is large. Purlins are supported on trusses or walls.
13. Hip rafters : These are the sloping rafters which form the hip of a sloped roof
14. Battens : These are thin strips of wood, called scantling, which are nailed to the rafters for lying roof materials above.
15. Boardings : They act Similar to battens and are nailed to common rafter to support roofing material.
16. Template : This Is a square or rectangular block of stone or concrete placed under a beam or truss, to spread the load over a larger area of the wall.
17. Cleats : These are short sections of wood or steel (angle iron), which are fixed on the principal rafters of trusses to support the purlins.
18. Truss : A roof truss is a frame work, usually of triangles, designed to support the roof covering or ceiling over rooms.
Basic elements of pitched roof
1. Span : It is the clear distance between the supports of an arch, beam or roof truss.
2. Rise : It is the vertical distance between the top of the ridge and the wall plate
3. Pitch : It is the inclination of the sides of a roof to the horizontal plane.
4. Ridge : It is defined as the apex line of the sloping roof.
5. Eaves : The lower edge of the inclined surfaces is called eaves. From eaves, the rain water from the roof surface drops down
6. Hip : It is the ridge formed by the intersection of two sloping surfaces, where exterior angle is greater than 180°
7. Valley : It is a reverse of a hip. It is formed by the intersection of two roof Surfaces, making an external angle less than 180°.
8. Hipped end : It is the sloped triangular surface formed at the end of a roof.
9. Verge : The edge of a gable, running between the eaves and ridge, is known as a verge.
10. Ridge piece or ridge beam or ridge board : It is the horizontal wooden member, in the form of a beam or board, which is provided at the apex of a roof truss. It supports the common rafters fixed to it.
11. Common rafters or Spars : These are inclined wooden members running from the ridge to the eaves. Depending upon the roof covering material, the rafters are Spaced 30 to 45 cm centre to centre.
12. Purlins : These are horizontal wooden or steel members, used to support common rafters of a roof when span is large. Purlins are supported on trusses or walls.
13. Hip rafters : These are the sloping rafters which form the hip of a sloped roof
14. Battens : These are thin strips of wood, called scantling, which are nailed to the rafters for lying roof materials above.
15. Boardings : They act Similar to battens and are nailed to common rafter to support roofing material.
16. Template : This Is a square or rectangular block of stone or concrete placed under a beam or truss, to spread the load over a larger area of the wall.
17. Cleats : These are short sections of wood or steel (angle iron), which are fixed on the principal rafters of trusses to support the purlins.
18. Truss : A roof truss is a frame work, usually of triangles, designed to support the roof covering or ceiling over rooms.
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በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ የሲሚንቶ ዝርዝር ዋጋ
መንግስት ካስቀመጠው የሲሚንቶ ዋጋ በላይ በሚሸጡ የሲሚንቶ አከፋፋዮች ላይ እርምጃ እንደሚወሰድ የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ንግድ ቢሮ አስታወቀ ፡፡
የንግድና ኢንዱስትሪ ሚኒስቴር በሲሚንቶ ግብይት ውስጥ ያሉ ህገ-ወጥ ደላሎችን ከገበያ ሰንሰለቱ በማስወጣት እየናረ የመጣውን የሲሚንቶ ዋጋ ለማስተካከል የመሸጫ ዋጋ በመተመን ከፋብሪካ አውጥተው የሚያከፋፍሉ የመንግስት የልማት ድርጅቶችና መመሪያውን አክብረው ለመስራት የተስማሙ የግል ነጋዴዎች ተመርጠው በቅርቡ ወደ ስራ መግባታቸው ይታወሳል፡፡
የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ንግድ ቢሮው አላስፈላጊ የሲሚንቶ ዋጋ ንረትን በመቆጣጠርና ዋጋ በመተመን የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፉ እንዳይዳከም በመስራት ላይ ይገኛል፡፡
ከፋብሪካዎች ተረክበው የሚሸጡ አከፋፋዮች የሚሸጡበት የአንድ ኩንታል ዋጋ እንደየርቀቱ ከ240.20 ብር እስከ 388.10 ብር እንዲሆን የተወሰነ ቢሆንም አንዳንድ አከፋፋዮች ግን ከተቀመጠው ዋጋ በላይ በመሸጥ ላይ እንደሚገኙ በተደረገ የመስክ ምልከታ ማረጋገጥ ተችሏል፡፡
መንግስት ባስቀመጠው የሲሚንቶ ዋጋ መሰረት ግብይት በማይፈጽሙ የሲሚንቶ አከፋፋዮች ላይ አስፈላጊውን እርምጃ እንደሚወሰድ ቢሮው ገልጿል፡፡
VIA-Addis Ababa press secretary office
የአ/አ/ከ/አ/ኮንስትራክሽን ቢሮ ሰኔ 16/2012 ዓ/ም
https://t.me/engineer03
https://t.me/engineer03
መንግስት ካስቀመጠው የሲሚንቶ ዋጋ በላይ በሚሸጡ የሲሚንቶ አከፋፋዮች ላይ እርምጃ እንደሚወሰድ የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ንግድ ቢሮ አስታወቀ ፡፡
የንግድና ኢንዱስትሪ ሚኒስቴር በሲሚንቶ ግብይት ውስጥ ያሉ ህገ-ወጥ ደላሎችን ከገበያ ሰንሰለቱ በማስወጣት እየናረ የመጣውን የሲሚንቶ ዋጋ ለማስተካከል የመሸጫ ዋጋ በመተመን ከፋብሪካ አውጥተው የሚያከፋፍሉ የመንግስት የልማት ድርጅቶችና መመሪያውን አክብረው ለመስራት የተስማሙ የግል ነጋዴዎች ተመርጠው በቅርቡ ወደ ስራ መግባታቸው ይታወሳል፡፡
የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ንግድ ቢሮው አላስፈላጊ የሲሚንቶ ዋጋ ንረትን በመቆጣጠርና ዋጋ በመተመን የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፉ እንዳይዳከም በመስራት ላይ ይገኛል፡፡
ከፋብሪካዎች ተረክበው የሚሸጡ አከፋፋዮች የሚሸጡበት የአንድ ኩንታል ዋጋ እንደየርቀቱ ከ240.20 ብር እስከ 388.10 ብር እንዲሆን የተወሰነ ቢሆንም አንዳንድ አከፋፋዮች ግን ከተቀመጠው ዋጋ በላይ በመሸጥ ላይ እንደሚገኙ በተደረገ የመስክ ምልከታ ማረጋገጥ ተችሏል፡፡
መንግስት ባስቀመጠው የሲሚንቶ ዋጋ መሰረት ግብይት በማይፈጽሙ የሲሚንቶ አከፋፋዮች ላይ አስፈላጊውን እርምጃ እንደሚወሰድ ቢሮው ገልጿል፡፡
VIA-Addis Ababa press secretary office
የአ/አ/ከ/አ/ኮንስትራክሽን ቢሮ ሰኔ 16/2012 ዓ/ም
https://t.me/engineer03
https://t.me/engineer03
የሀንፃ ኤሌክትሪክ መስመር ዝርጋታ የመብራትና ማብሪያ/ማጥፊያ ፣የሶኬት፣ የደወል ወዘተ ዝርጋታዎችን ያጠቃልላል። ስለዚህ አንድ በአንድ እናያለን።
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https://t.me/engineer03
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🔸የቻናላችን ቤተሰብ ለመሆን
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https://t.me/engineer03
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*ለሲቪል ; ለአርክቴክቶች÷ለኮንስትራክሽን ÷ ለሀይድሮሊክ መሀንዲሶች እና ተማሪዎች የተዘጋጀ ትምህርታዊ ቻናል ፡፡
@engineer03
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@engineer03
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