8- How do you know your table of calculation for sieve analysis is correct without double checking?

Ans: if the percent of passing of pan is 0, this means the entire calculation is correct without the need for double checking.

✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️

Formwork
Formwork, sometimes known as shuttering or casing, is the temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar materials are poured. It is often confused with the term 'falsework' which is the complete structure erected to support the shuttering molds.
some of the common types of formwork are:
👉Traditional timber formwork
👉Engineered Formwork System
👉Re-usable plastic formwork
👉Permanent Insulated Formwork
👉Stay-In-Place structural formwork systems.
👉Flexible formwork

@engineer03

Have you ever seen giant holes in water?

If you did, these giant holes are nothing but one type of spillway known as bell-mouth spillway. A spillway is a structure used to provide controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area to help prevent floods from damaging or destroying a dam. Some spillways are designed like an inverted bell so that water can enter all around the perimeter. These uncontrolled spillway devices are also called: morning glory, plughole, glory hole, or bell-mouth spillways. In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, bell-mouth spillways are normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound.
@engineer03

Position-Autocad (RC-CAD) draftsman / designer

need 4 to 5 persons who are well aware of RC CAD.

Software-RC CAD software must

Exp- 0 to 2 yrs

Salary-15k to 20k

Opening-4 to 5 no

Job location-
Work from home

Note-

Those candidate have knowledge/practice of RC-CAD software only those candidate send CV PLS
Fresher always welcome
AutoCAD candidate not required only RC-CAD software candidate required

Send cv
rajmanesujit@gmail.com
⚡አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ።
👇👇👇👇👇👇👇
https://telegram.me/JobCome

✅የኮንስትራክሽንና የዲዛይን ባለሙያ ና ተማሪ ነዎት? እውቀትዎን ሼር የሚያደርጉበት ና የሚያገኙበት ይሔሁልዎ!!!
🌍are you construction and design worker and students. Well here is a good opportunity that you share your knowledge and get good data here

#ሼር #ሼር #ሼር ያድርጉ
🔛🔛🔛🔛🔛🔛🔛🔛
👇🏼👇🏼👇🏼join here👇🏼👇🏼
ይህንን ሊንክ በመጫን ቻናሉን join በማድረግ ይከታተሉ👇
@engineer03 ↗️
https://telegram.me/engineer03

@engineer03 ♻️

https://telegram.me/engineer03

https://telegram.me/engineer03

@engineer03 ↗️

Irrigation engineering

Irrigation engineering

Irrigation engineering

Irrigation engineering

Understanding Grades of Concrete
.
➡Grades of concrete are defined by the strength
composition of the concrete, and the minimum strength the concrete should have following 28 of initial construction.
*The grade of concrete is
understood in measurements of MPa, where C stands for compressive strength and the MPa denotes the overal strength.
*Concrete mixes are defined in ascending numb
of 5, starting at 10, and show the compressive
strength of the concrete after 28 days. For inst
C-10 has the strength of 10 newtons, C-15 has t
strength of 15 newtons, C-20 has 20 newtons
strength and so on.
*Different mixes (M) come in various mix proportions of the various ingredients of cement sand and coarse aggregates. For instance, C-20 comes in the respective ratio of 1:2:3
.
*Generally :-👇
▶C-5 used for Lean concreat
.
▶C-10 Used for: Patio slabs, pathways and non structure work
.
▶C-15 Used for: Pavement kerbs and floor blinding(Ground Slab)
.
▶C-20 Used for: Domestic floors and foundations (with the weight of structure will be lighter). *Also go for workshop bases, garages, driveways and into floor slabs.
.
▶C-25 Used for: Construction in all areas. Multi-purpo concrete mix, usually used for foundations.
.
▶C-30 Used for: Pathways and roadways (this is the
lowest grade concrete mix that can be used for purpose).
More durable than the grades that come before, and thus is much more weather- resistant and can take heavy road traffic.
.
▶C-35 Used for: Commercial structures. This heavy concrete mix is usually used for creating extern walls and slabs, as well as for structural piling.
.
▶C-40 Used for:
Commercial construction sites, foundations and beams for structural support a*roads.
✔️The most durable in this list, C-40 can withstand chemical corrosion also, so is frequently used on farms where slurry could corrode structures, or in septic tanks.

The Street Canyon Effect
Wind is one environmental factor that should be considered in the design of tall buildings. And its effect varies in different areas depending on the location or obstructions in the area. In urban cities full of skyscrapers, the normal wind effect such as its speed or direction may be affected due to the the street canyon effect.
Here is an article on it

https://telegram.me/engineer03
https://telegram.me/engineer03

Advanced Waste Treatment:
Any process of water renovation that upgrades treated wastewater to meet specific reuse requirements. May include general cleanup of water or removal of specific parts of wastes insufficiently removed by conventional treatment processes. Typical processes include chemical treatment and pressure filtration. Also called TERTIARY TREATMENT.
#importantTerms
@engineer03

✅A typical building project will include the following
.
💠A.Substructure
1.Excavation & Earth work
2.Concrete Work
3.Masonry Work
.
💠B.Super structure
1.Concrete work
2.Roofing
3.Masonry works
4.Metal Work
5.Finishing work
6.Glazing
7.Electrical Installation
8.Carpentry & Joinery
9.Sanitary Installation
10.Fence Work
.
🔴General factors to be considered for determining depth of foundation are:
1,Load applied from structure to the foundation.
2,Bearing capacity of soil.
3,Depth of water level below the ground surface.
4,Types of soil and depth of layers in case of layered soil.
5,Depth of adjacent foundation.

.

. Allowable settlement


▶️ The allowable settlement is defined as the acceptable amount of settlement of the structure and it usually includes a factor of safety.
The allowable settlement depends on many factors, including the following:
*The Type of Construction – For example, wood-frame.
buildings with wood siding would be much more tolerant than unreinforced brick buildings.
*The Use of the Structure – Even small cracks in a house might be considered unacceptable, whereas much larger cracks in an industrial building might not even be noticed.
*The Presence of Sensitive Finishes – Tile or other sensitive finishes are much less tolerant of movements.
*The Rigidity of the Structure – If a footing beneath part of a very rigid structure settles more than the others,the structure will transfer some of the load away from the footing.
However, footings beneath flexible structures must settle much more before any significant load transfer occurs.
Therefore, a rigid structure will have less differential
settlement than a flexible one.
*Aesthetic and Serviceability Requirements – The allowable settlement for most structures, especially buildings, will be governed by aesthetic and serviceability requirements, not
structural requirements.
Unsightly cracks, jamming doors and windows, and other similar problems will develop long before the integrity of the structure is in danger. .
.
.con’t.....

https://t.me/engineer03

Concrete Cover Distance for Reinforcement Bar



⚡️The reinforcement must be fixed with appropriate accuracy in the position specified by the designer to ensure proper structural performance, durability and fire resistance.

⚡️Insufficient cover can result in corrosion of the reinforcement, leading to cracking and spalling of the concrete and eventually, if left unchecked, to a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement and in the strength of the structure. The cover must also be sufficient to provide the required degree of fire resistance. Too little cover reduces the fire resistance; too much, unless precautionary measures are taken, can make the structure vulnerable to spalling, which again reduces the fi re resistance. Incorrect positioning of the reinforcement can seriously reduce the load-carrying capacity of the structural member

🔹Unless otherwise specified, the concrete cover to the reinforcement should be within the following permissible deviations from the dimensions specified in BS 8110:
:
✍️Bars up to 12 mm diameter: +5mm –5mm

✍️Bars over 12 mm up to 25 mm: +10 mm –5mm

✍️Bars over 25 mm: +15 mm –5mm
:
🟢At each end of reinforcing bar, net less that 25 mm or less than twice the diameter of the bar.

✳️For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, not less than 40 mm not less than the diameter of such bar.

✳️In case of columns of minimum dimension of 20 cm or under, whose reinforcing bards do no not exceed 12 mm a cover of 25 mm to be used.

✳️For longitudinal reinforcing bars in a beam, not less than 30 mm or less than the diameter of the bar.

✳️For tensile, compressive shear or other reinforcements in a slab or wall not less than 15 mm, not less that the diameter of such bar.

✳️For any other reinforcement not less than 15 mm, not less than the diameter of such bar.

✳️For footings and other principal structural members in which the concrete is deposited directly against the ground, cover to the bottom reinforcement shall be 75 mm. If concrete is poured on a layer of lean concrete, the bottom cover maybe reduced to 50 mm.

✳️For concrete surfaces exposed to the weather or the ground after removal of forms, such as retaining walls, grade beams, footing sides and top etc. not less than 50 mm.

✳️Increased cover thickness shall be provided as indicated on the drawings, for surfaces exposed to the action of harmful chemicals (or exposed to earth contaminated by such chemicals), acid, alkali, saline atmosphere, sulphorone, smoke etc.

✳️For liquid retaining structures, the minimum cover to all steel shall be 40 mm or the diameter of the main bar, whichever is greater. In the presence of sea water and oils and waters of a corrosive character the covers, shall be increased by 10 mm.
Protection to reinforcement in case of concrete exposed to harmful surroundings may also be given by providing a dense impermeable concrete with approved protective coatings. In such a case the extra cover mentioned in (b) & (i) above may be reduced.
:
▶️The correct cover shall be maintained by cement mortar cubes (blocks) or other approved means. Reinforcements for footings, grade beams and slabs on a sub-grade shall be supported on re-cast concrete blocks as approved by EIC.

⚡️The use of pebbles or stones shall not be permitted.

https://t.me/engineer03

. #Aeration:

🟢The process of adding air to water. Air can be added to water by either passing air through water or passing water through air. In wastewater treatment, air is added to freshen wastewater and to keep solids in suspension. With mixtures of wastewater and activated sludge, adding air provides mixing and oxygen for the microorganisms treating the wastewater.
#importantTerms
@engineer03

▶️Definitions of terms Of Masonry👇
.

1. Course : A course is a horizontal layer of bricks stones

2. Bed : the surface of a stone perpendicular to the line of pressure of (lower surface of bricks or stones in each course)

3. Back : The inner surface of wall not exposed is called back.
The material forming back is known as backing

4. Face : The exterior of the wall exposed to weather is known
as face. The material used in the facing of wall is known as
facing

5. Hearting : It is the interior portion of a wall between facing
and backing

6. Head : It is a brick or stone, which lies with its greatest length at right angles to the face of the work.

7. Stretcher : It is a brick or a stone which lies with its congest
side parallel to the face of the work

8. Bond : The method of arranging bricks so that the individual units are tied together

9. Spalls : The chips of stones used for filling the interstices in
stone masonry

10. Quoins : The stones used for the corners of walls of structure

11. Bat : It is a portion of a brick cut across the width.

12. Closer: It is the portion of a brickcut in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut

13. Queen closer: it is the portion of a brick obtained by cutting a brick length-wise into two portions

14. King closer: It is the portion of brick obtained by cutting off
the triangular piece between the centre of one end and the
centre of one side.

15. Bevelled closer: It is the portion of a brick in which the
whole length of the brick is bevelled for maintaining half
width at one end and full width at the other

16. Frog : It is an indentation or depression on the top face of a
brick made with the object of forming a key for the mortar.

17. Sill : It is a horizontal stone, concrete or wood, employed for
the purpose of shedding off rain water from the face of wall
immediately below the window opening

18. Corbel : It is the extension of one or more course of stone or
brick from the face of a wall to serve as a support for wall
plates

19. Templates : Pieces of stones placed under the end of a beam
to distribute load over a greater area.

20. Coping : It is the course placed upon the exposed top of an external wall to prevent the seepage of water

21. Buttress : It is a sloping or stepped masonry projection from a tall wall intended to strengthen the wall against the thrust of a roof
.
#BuildingConstruction
#Masonary

https://t.me/engineer03

Stone masonry ( con’td from the above)

👉 The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is termed as stone masonry

🔸 Different types of stones
used for different purposes

1. Heavy engineering works : Granite, gneiss

2. Buildings situated in industrial towns :- Granite and compact sandstone

3. Pavements, railway ballast, doorsits and steps :- Granite slabs and slate

4. Electrical switch board :- Marble slabs and slate

5. Fire resistance works :- Compact sandstone

6. Carving and ornamental works :- Marble and laterite

7. Face work and architectural purposes :- Marble, granite closer gained sand stone

https://t.me/engineer03