6- Why you can not randomly prepare the test sample? do you know better methods to prepare you test size?

Ans: the aggregate samples for. Laboratory specimens should be prepared by mechanical splitters or other methods for reducing field samples to testing size in order to avoid segregation.
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7- What does mean the segregation? when you have a segregated sample? how do you avoid them?

Ans: Segregation means the larger and smaller particle of aggregate separate from each other for particular mixing and testing tasks. The segregation occurred for the specific amount of sample separated from the larger amount of sample by hand or other means. To avoid segregation the specific amount of sample for testing amount should be produced by mechanical splitters


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8- How do you know your table of calculation for sieve analysis is correct without double checking?

Ans: if the percent of passing of pan is 0, this means the entire calculation is correct without the need for double checking.

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Formwork
Formwork, sometimes known as shuttering or casing, is the temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar materials are poured. It is often confused with the term 'falsework' which is the complete structure erected to support the shuttering molds.
some of the common types of formwork are:
👉Traditional timber formwork
👉Engineered Formwork System
👉Re-usable plastic formwork
👉Permanent Insulated Formwork
👉Stay-In-Place structural formwork systems.
👉Flexible formwork

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Have you ever seen giant holes in water?

If you did, these giant holes are nothing but one type of spillway known as bell-mouth spillway. A spillway is a structure used to provide controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area to help prevent floods from damaging or destroying a dam. Some spillways are designed like an inverted bell so that water can enter all around the perimeter. These uncontrolled spillway devices are also called: morning glory, plughole, glory hole, or bell-mouth spillways. In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, bell-mouth spillways are normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound.
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Position-Autocad (RC-CAD) draftsman / designer

need 4 to 5 persons who are well aware of RC CAD.

Software-RC CAD software must

Exp- 0 to 2 yrs

Salary-15k to 20k

Opening-4 to 5 no

Job location-
Work from home

Note-

Those candidate have knowledge/practice of RC-CAD software only those candidate send CV PLS
Fresher always welcome
AutoCAD candidate not required only RC-CAD software candidate required

Send cv
rajmanesujit@gmail.com
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🌍are you construction and design worker and students. Well here is a good opportunity that you share your knowledge and get good data here

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Irrigation engineering

Irrigation engineering

Irrigation engineering

Irrigation engineering

Understanding Grades of Concrete
.
➡Grades of concrete are defined by the strength
composition of the concrete, and the minimum strength the concrete should have following 28 of initial construction.
*The grade of concrete is
understood in measurements of MPa, where C stands for compressive strength and the MPa denotes the overal strength.
*Concrete mixes are defined in ascending numb
of 5, starting at 10, and show the compressive
strength of the concrete after 28 days. For inst
C-10 has the strength of 10 newtons, C-15 has t
strength of 15 newtons, C-20 has 20 newtons
strength and so on.
*Different mixes (M) come in various mix proportions of the various ingredients of cement sand and coarse aggregates. For instance, C-20 comes in the respective ratio of 1:2:3
.
*Generally :-👇
▶C-5 used for Lean concreat
.
▶C-10 Used for: Patio slabs, pathways and non structure work
.
▶C-15 Used for: Pavement kerbs and floor blinding(Ground Slab)
.
▶C-20 Used for: Domestic floors and foundations (with the weight of structure will be lighter). *Also go for workshop bases, garages, driveways and into floor slabs.
.
▶C-25 Used for: Construction in all areas. Multi-purpo concrete mix, usually used for foundations.
.
▶C-30 Used for: Pathways and roadways (this is the
lowest grade concrete mix that can be used for purpose).
More durable than the grades that come before, and thus is much more weather- resistant and can take heavy road traffic.
.
▶C-35 Used for: Commercial structures. This heavy concrete mix is usually used for creating extern walls and slabs, as well as for structural piling.
.
▶C-40 Used for:
Commercial construction sites, foundations and beams for structural support a*roads.
✔️The most durable in this list, C-40 can withstand chemical corrosion also, so is frequently used on farms where slurry could corrode structures, or in septic tanks.

The Street Canyon Effect
Wind is one environmental factor that should be considered in the design of tall buildings. And its effect varies in different areas depending on the location or obstructions in the area. In urban cities full of skyscrapers, the normal wind effect such as its speed or direction may be affected due to the the street canyon effect.
Here is an article on it

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Advanced Waste Treatment:
Any process of water renovation that upgrades treated wastewater to meet specific reuse requirements. May include general cleanup of water or removal of specific parts of wastes insufficiently removed by conventional treatment processes. Typical processes include chemical treatment and pressure filtration. Also called TERTIARY TREATMENT.
#importantTerms
@engineer03

✅A typical building project will include the following
.
💠A.Substructure
1.Excavation & Earth work
2.Concrete Work
3.Masonry Work
.
💠B.Super structure
1.Concrete work
2.Roofing
3.Masonry works
4.Metal Work
5.Finishing work
6.Glazing
7.Electrical Installation
8.Carpentry & Joinery
9.Sanitary Installation
10.Fence Work
.
🔴General factors to be considered for determining depth of foundation are:
1,Load applied from structure to the foundation.
2,Bearing capacity of soil.
3,Depth of water level below the ground surface.
4,Types of soil and depth of layers in case of layered soil.
5,Depth of adjacent foundation.

.

. Allowable settlement


▶️ The allowable settlement is defined as the acceptable amount of settlement of the structure and it usually includes a factor of safety.
The allowable settlement depends on many factors, including the following:
*The Type of Construction – For example, wood-frame.
buildings with wood siding would be much more tolerant than unreinforced brick buildings.
*The Use of the Structure – Even small cracks in a house might be considered unacceptable, whereas much larger cracks in an industrial building might not even be noticed.
*The Presence of Sensitive Finishes – Tile or other sensitive finishes are much less tolerant of movements.
*The Rigidity of the Structure – If a footing beneath part of a very rigid structure settles more than the others,the structure will transfer some of the load away from the footing.
However, footings beneath flexible structures must settle much more before any significant load transfer occurs.
Therefore, a rigid structure will have less differential
settlement than a flexible one.
*Aesthetic and Serviceability Requirements – The allowable settlement for most structures, especially buildings, will be governed by aesthetic and serviceability requirements, not
structural requirements.
Unsightly cracks, jamming doors and windows, and other similar problems will develop long before the integrity of the structure is in danger. .
.
.con’t.....

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Concrete Cover Distance for Reinforcement Bar



⚡️The reinforcement must be fixed with appropriate accuracy in the position specified by the designer to ensure proper structural performance, durability and fire resistance.

⚡️Insufficient cover can result in corrosion of the reinforcement, leading to cracking and spalling of the concrete and eventually, if left unchecked, to a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement and in the strength of the structure. The cover must also be sufficient to provide the required degree of fire resistance. Too little cover reduces the fire resistance; too much, unless precautionary measures are taken, can make the structure vulnerable to spalling, which again reduces the fi re resistance. Incorrect positioning of the reinforcement can seriously reduce the load-carrying capacity of the structural member

🔹Unless otherwise specified, the concrete cover to the reinforcement should be within the following permissible deviations from the dimensions specified in BS 8110:
:
✍️Bars up to 12 mm diameter: +5mm –5mm

✍️Bars over 12 mm up to 25 mm: +10 mm –5mm

✍️Bars over 25 mm: +15 mm –5mm
:
🟢At each end of reinforcing bar, net less that 25 mm or less than twice the diameter of the bar.

✳️For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, not less than 40 mm not less than the diameter of such bar.

✳️In case of columns of minimum dimension of 20 cm or under, whose reinforcing bards do no not exceed 12 mm a cover of 25 mm to be used.

✳️For longitudinal reinforcing bars in a beam, not less than 30 mm or less than the diameter of the bar.

✳️For tensile, compressive shear or other reinforcements in a slab or wall not less than 15 mm, not less that the diameter of such bar.

✳️For any other reinforcement not less than 15 mm, not less than the diameter of such bar.

✳️For footings and other principal structural members in which the concrete is deposited directly against the ground, cover to the bottom reinforcement shall be 75 mm. If concrete is poured on a layer of lean concrete, the bottom cover maybe reduced to 50 mm.

✳️For concrete surfaces exposed to the weather or the ground after removal of forms, such as retaining walls, grade beams, footing sides and top etc. not less than 50 mm.

✳️Increased cover thickness shall be provided as indicated on the drawings, for surfaces exposed to the action of harmful chemicals (or exposed to earth contaminated by such chemicals), acid, alkali, saline atmosphere, sulphorone, smoke etc.

✳️For liquid retaining structures, the minimum cover to all steel shall be 40 mm or the diameter of the main bar, whichever is greater. In the presence of sea water and oils and waters of a corrosive character the covers, shall be increased by 10 mm.
Protection to reinforcement in case of concrete exposed to harmful surroundings may also be given by providing a dense impermeable concrete with approved protective coatings. In such a case the extra cover mentioned in (b) & (i) above may be reduced.
:
▶️The correct cover shall be maintained by cement mortar cubes (blocks) or other approved means. Reinforcements for footings, grade beams and slabs on a sub-grade shall be supported on re-cast concrete blocks as approved by EIC.

⚡️The use of pebbles or stones shall not be permitted.

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