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Alcove: a small space in a room, formed by one part of a wall being further back than the parts on each
side
Balcony: an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and supported by that structure, with no
additional independent supports.
Cladding: the external layer of the building which provides the aesthetic effect.
Compactor: a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste material or soil through
compaction.
Concrete mixer: a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and
water to form concrete
Dead loads: consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or
other structure.
Deck is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or
posts, piers, or other independent supports.
Diaphragm: a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical￾resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems.
Flat slab: a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops and supported, generally without beams, by
columns with or without flared column heads.
Parapet: a long wall along the edge of a roof, bridge, etc
Shear wall: a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to
as vertical diaphragm or structural wall).
Trencher: a piece of construction equipment used to dig trenches, typically for laying pipes or cables, or
for drainage.
Vibrator: a mechanical device to generate vibrations.
Workflow: a depiction of a sequence of operations, declared as work of a person, a group of persons.
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Kebeleto – it is bended reinforcement used to separate bottom and top bar in slab.
Kravat – it is yoke use to give more support for column formwork.
Critcheri – it seems like yoke which is nailed to the slab during column aliment work.
Fondo – bottom soffit or bottom formwork on slab and beam.
Stanga – inclined wood used to support vertical form works.
Staffa – stirrup that used to resist shear force.
Soleta – slab Squadra - perpendicular riga - (wooden float) Keeps level for plastering.
Ferayo - Bar bender. Junta - Hardcore modini - profile

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Q. How can unreinforced concrete pavement function without mesh reinforcement?
For concrete carriageway, it is normally classified into two types: reinforced and
unreinforced concrete pavement. The reinforcement in reinforced carriageway (in the form
of mesh) is used for controlling cracking. Then one may query how unreinforced pavement
can control cracking without the use of mesh reinforcement. To answer this question, one should pay attention to the features of unreinforced concrete pavement. In accordance with Highways Standard Drawing No. H1109, an approximately 3mm wide groove with a depth of about one-third to one-fourth of slab thickness is designed with a regular spacing (normally 5m). The grooves are designed to be too narrow for stones to fall into when the cracks are open due to concrete contraction. The sectional area in which the groove is located is a plane of weakness and thus this groove acts a potential crack-inducing device in which any potential cracks due to shrinkage and thermal contraction may form. Consequently, the cracks are formed at the base of the groove and thus it would not cause any unpleasant visual appearance on the exposed surface of unreinforced concrete pavement.
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Modern Roads:-
•The modern road's design for heavy trucks and cars, after the industrial revolution a lot of different axles sizes appeared, to create a better riding surfaces, different types of roads and materials developed.


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Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering:

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DESIGN OF
MASONRY STRUCTURES
Third edition of Load Bearing Brickwork Design
The first edition of this book was published in 1981 as Load Bearing
Brickwork Design, and dealt with the design of unreinforced structural
brickwork in accordance with BS 5628:
✍Part 1. Following publication of this Code in 1985, the text was revised and extended to cover reinforced and prcoverssed brickwork, and

Part 2. the second edition published
in 1987. The coverage of the book has been further extended to include
blockwork as well as brickwork, and a chapter dealing with movements
in masonry structures has been added.

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