Standard Size of Rooms in Residential Building and their Locations:
Knowledge of standard size of rooms and their location in a residential building is important for planning of residential construction project. The room sizes and their location provides spaces for movement, sunlight and natural air for residents. We'll post standard sizes and preferable locations of different rooms.
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1. Drawing or Living Room:
Drawing room or living room is a common, comfortable and attractive place for sitting of family members and to receive friends and guests. Sometime it is used as reception room and dining room and special occasions.
Drawing room should be located in the middle of the building and should be connected to the front verandah and dining place. It should be well-lighted and ventilated.
Generally, drawing or living room is the biggest room of the building so that it can be utilized for some ceremonial function in the house. Size of the drawing room should be determined by type of furniture to be used.
Standard size of drawing room may range from: 4200mm (14ft) X 4800 mm (16ft) to 5400mm (18ft) X 7200mm (24ft)
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⏩TYPES OF PIPES COMMONLY USED IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
⭕
▶TYPES OF PIPES:
The types of pipes commonly used in water
distribution system are described below.
.
⭕1. CAST IRON PIPES:
.
Cast iron pipes or CI pipes are broadly utilized for distribution of water because they are less
expensive, corrosion resistant, and long lasting.
CI pipes are mainly produced by following four techniques.
.
1. Horizontally cast ( MC ware pipes)
2. Vertically cast ( Pit cast in sand molds)
3. Centrifugally cast in sand lines molds spun
type.
4. Centrifugally cast in water cooled molds.

Uses of horizontally cast CI pipes are presently pretty much outdated, that’s why they are infrequently produced these days. Centrifugally cast pipes are most widely used because they have more grained dense structure and uniform thickness. Generally, CI pipes are 3-6 m long, so much heavy, and require extra care to avoid from damaging while transporting and creating connections.
.
⭕2. STEEL PIPES:
.
Steel pipes are utilized in water mains circumstances where the pipes are going through very high pressure ( More than 7 kg/cm2) and required large diameter pipes. These pipes have greater strength and less weight than CI pipes. Satisfactory treatments should be given to maintain antagonistic climatic conditions.
.
⭕3. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES:
.
Galvanized pipes are also known as GI pipes are fashioned steel pipes with zinc coating. GI pipes are mostly utilized for water supply and service connections.
.
⭕4. COPPER PIPES:
.
Copper pipes are most commonly utilized in hot water supply establishment. Some features of
this pipes are as following:
1. They possess high tensile strength.
2. They can be bent easily.
3. Copper pipes can be used in thin wall. Copper pipes are sometimes chromium plated to enhance their appearance and to match with the chromium plated water supply fittings.
.
⭕5. POLYTHENE PIPES:
.
Polythene and PVC pipes are being utilized progressively nowadays for cold water supply inside and outside works. These pipes are lightweight, cheaper, corrosion resistant, and require no threading for making any connections.

Besides these, there are other pipes commonly used for water distribution such as :

asbestos cement (AC) pipes,

reinforced concrete (RCC) pipes,

prestressed reinforced concrete (PSC) pipes etc.
.
The selection of the types of pipe for utilizing any purposes is adopted according to the design criteria, material availability, cost, and other comparative variables.

Basic design and visual Arts

Part one

የ Art አጀማመር / ስነ ጥብ
****

የሰው ልጅ በጥንት ጊዜ ዋሻ ውስጥ በሚኖርበት ጊዜ በድንጋይ የእጅ መሳሪያዎችን ጠርቦ ያዘጋጅ ነበር። በሚኖርበትም ዋሻ ውስጥ የተለያዩ ስህሎችን ይስሉ ነበር የተሳለውን ነገርም በደቀቀ ከሰል ይቀቡት ነበር። ይህን እንደ Art ከቆጠርነው የሰው ልጅ ከ Art ጋር የተዋወቀው ከፍጥረቱ አንስቶ ነው ማለት ነው።

Art ለ 4 ይከፈላል

1. Fine art
2. Applied art
3. Visual art
4. Performing art

1. Fine art
It’s an art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningless.

ለእይታ ወማረክ እና ምርምር ላይ የሚያተኩር የ Art አይነት ነው።
Example:- painting, sculpture, drawings, watercolor, graphics , and architecture.

2. Applied art
It’s the application of artistic design to utilitarian objects in every day use. Whereas fine art has no function other than providing aesthetic or intellectual stimulation to the viewer.
Artistic ንድፎችን ለእለት ተእለት መገልገያነት ስናውል Applied Art ይባላል።
Example:- chair , fork , plate , glass etc....

3. Visual art
It’s primarily for visual perception. Visual arts are arts that we see which are flat or 2D but not always.
Example:- paintings , drawings , photography, and Compiuter art.
“Visual art” means two dimensional things , sculpture and architecture come under separate headings . Likewise , visual works of art stay in one place , unmoving while we observe them. For this reason arts —- stage , screen , music and dance arts —- also come under their own separate headings.

4. Performing art

Forms of creative activity that are performed in front of an audience, such as drama, music and dance.

➡️ Design (ንድፍ)

The word “design “is plan in mind .
ለምሳሌ አለማችን ውስጥ ብዙ የወንበር ንድፍ አለ ነገር ግን ሁሉንም አይነት ወንበር የሰው ልጅ መለየት ይችላል ምክንያቱም ወንበር ምለው ነገር አንዴ ጭንቅላታችን ላይ ስለተቀመጠ።

Design visual element
7 integral components used in the creation of a design: known as element of art

0. Point
1. Line
2. Color
3. Form
4. Shape
5. Space
6. Texture
7. Value

To be continued.........
ይቀጥላል ....
.
⚡አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ።
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👉 List of Drawings in order of Priority
=================
★ Conceptual Drawings
• Plans
• Elevations
• Sections
• Views
★ Site Plans
• Site Analysis
★ Architectural Drawings
• Plans
• Sections
• Elevations
• Working Drawings
★ Structural Drawings
• Pits
• Footings
• Columns
• Beams
• Slabs
★ Electrical Drawings
• Electrical Layout
• Fire Alarms
★ Mechanical Drawings
• Mechanical layout
• HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning) Layout
• Fire Sprinklers Layout
• Power Generation Layout
★ Plumbing Drawings
• Water Supply Layout (Hot and Cold Water supply)
• Water Sprinklers
★ Utility Drawings
• Drainage Layout
• Toilets
• Kitchen
★ Landscape Drawings
• Landscape Plans
• Type of Trees
• Shrubs
• Bushes
• Size of Canopy, seasons etc.
★ Interior Drawings
• Interior Design/Decoration
• Floor Plans
• Wall Elevations
• Ceiling Plan
• Electrical Layout
• Mechanical Layout
• Plumbing Layout
• Detailing
@engineer03

👉 Do you know about Weir ?
.
* የዊር ዋና አገልግሎት ውሀውን
በምንፈልገው ጥልቀት በመገደብ በላይኛው ተፋሰስ (Upstream side) ውሀው እንዲከማች ማድረግ ነው፡፡
ቀሪውም ውሀ በዊሩ አናት ላይ ወይም በር/ Gate በማዘጋጀት
እንዲፈስ እናደርገዋለን፡፡
➡የዊር ጥቅም
1. Flood Control - የምንፈልገውን ያህል ጥልቀት ውሃውን ስለምንገድበው በታችኛው ተፋሰስ/ Downstream ጎርፍ ይቀንሳል፡፡
2. Flow Measurement - የዊሩ ዳይሜንሽን ስለሚታወቅ
የወንዙን Discharge በቀላሉ ማወቅ እንችላለን፡፡ ((( Q=
CLH^n )))
3. የተጠራቀመውን ውሀ divert በማድረግ ለእርሻና ለተለያዩ
አገልግሎቶች መጠቀም እንችላለን፡፡
4. ወንዙ ለውሃ ላይ ትራንስፖርት አመቺ እንዲሆን ያደርጋል ፣
የተለያዩ የሚሰደዱ የአሳ ዝርያዎችን እንዳያልፉ ይገድባል
ወዘተ..
➡ የዊር ጉዳት
1. የወንዙን ሁኔታ ሙሉ ለሙሉ ይቀይረዋል
2. Siltation
3. አሳዎቹ የመንቀሳቀስ መብታቸውን ይገድባል ... Fish
Ladder ሊያስፈልግ ይችላል፡፡
4. ዊሩ አካባቢ ውሃው የተረጋጋ ቢመስልም ለዋና/
ለትራንስፖርት አስቸጋሪ ቦታ ነው ሀይድሮሊክ ጃምፕም ይኖራል
➡ የዊር አይነቶች
Polynomial, V - notch, Broad Crested, Compound,
Gated/ Ungated, etc.
Polynomial - የዊሩ ቅርፅ በፓሊኖሚያል equation
ስለሚሠራ ነው V- notch : ዊሩ መሀሉ በ V ቅርፅ ተቆርጦ ወጥቷል፡፡ ይህ በመሆኑም በኖርማል ፍሰት ጊዜ ውሃው በዛ ይፈሳል:: በቅርፁም ምክ/ት discharge ለማግኘት ይቀለናል፡፡ ፎቶው ኮመንት መስጫው ላይ አለ Broad Crested - ጠፍጣፋ የሆነ አናት ወይም flat crest አለው፡፡ በፎቶ የሚታየው እሡ ነው
Compound : የተለያዩ የዊር አይነቶችን አንድ ላይ የያዘ ነው።
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መረጃ ህይወት ነው!!

በተለይ በዚህ ወቅት ብዙ የተሳሳተ መረጃዎች የሚያሰራጩ ሚዲያዎች በበዙበት ሰአት ትክክለኛ መረጃዎችን የሚያቀርቡትን ማግኘት ምናልባት መታደል ሊሆን ይችላል!!

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እኛም የተለያዩ ጥቆማዎች ወደእናንተ ማድረሳችንን ቀጥለናል ለዛሬ አንድ የቴሌግራም ቻናል ልንጠቁማቹ ወደድን ማስፈንጠሪያውን ( click link below) ይጫኑ
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👉 Cohesion
.
Cohesion – soil ፓርቲክሎች አንድ ላይ እንዲጣበቁ የሚያደርግ ፎርስ ነው የሚገለፀውም በ Kilo Newton ነው::
.
Angle of Internal friction - አንድ soil ፓርቲክልን ብንወስድ
በራሱ ክብደት ወይም በሌሎች ፓርቲክሎች ምክንያት በሚፈጠር
ፍትጊያ (friction) ምክንያት Horizontal (H) እና Vertical
(V) ሎድ ተፅእኖ ውስጥ ይወድቃል - እነዚህን ሎዶች
የሚቋቋመው በአካባቢው ያሉት ፓርቲክሎች Normal እና
Shear (T) react ስለሚያደርጉ ነው… የነዚህ ፎርሶች
Resultant (R) ከ ‘N’ ጋር የሚሰራው አንግል ነው Angle of
internal friction.
.
Angle of Wall friction – እንደ angle of internal friction
ሆኖ ነገር ግን soil ፓርቲክሉና Slip ፕሌኑ ከተለያዩ ማቴሪያሎች
ከተሰሩ angle of wall friction ይባላል፡፡ Lateral Earth
Pressure ላይ Coulomb Method ይህንን የአንግል አይነት
ይጠቀማል::
.
Cohesion እና Angle of internal friction ትልቅ ነው ማለት Bearing capacity ትልቅ ነው ማለት ነው::
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